This is an inviting glass of wine.
Inside is about 125 calories,
about 15% alcohol by volume,
and some antioxidants.
Of course, we didn't always think
about it this scientifically.
Humans have been drinking wine since the Dark Ages.
The ancient Greeks even worshipped a god of wine.
It wasn't until the 20th century
that we started asking ourselves,
is red wine good for us?
And that question is now more relevant than ever.
After all, Americans have never consumed
so much wine in their lives,
but recent studies have shown that no amount
of alcohol is good for you, and it seems pretty absurd
that after all of this time,
something so ingrained into culture
could suddenly be bad for you.
What if 10,000 years of human history has been wrong?
Jack: Rollin'?
Dr. Nicole Harkin: If someone comes in and they've never
consumed alcohol before,
I certainly wouldn't recommend starting to drink.
Jack: So how often do patients ask you about red wine?
Harkin: It's definitely a common question I get.
So I think the type of patients
that tend to come to me do ask about alcohol consumption.
It's up there with, you know, stress.
We all, you know, living in New York...
Jack: I began to wonder, where exactly did this idea,
that red wine is good for you
come from?
To answer that, we need to go to France.
The year is 1976.
It's May 24, and France's finest judges of wine
gather for a blind tasting to decide
which wines are the best in the world.
That's George Taber,
the only journalist at the event now known
as the Judgment of Paris,
something that would change the world of wine forever.
George reported the news, the French were furious,
and Americans quietly rejoiced about something
that they didn't even really know they were good at.
Up until this point, wine wasn't a widely
consumed beverage in the States.
Taber: Well, it was starting to become fairly popular,
but not that much, it was still kind of
the drink of the snobs...
Jack: Wine consumption and production
would increase greatly during this time,
setting the stage for what was to come.
Jack: As wine drinking grew in America,
so did something else: waistlines.
Tape: 600 quality wieners
pass through the famous hot dog highway.
Jack: An increase in processed foods
boosted the amount of sugar and salt
Americans consumed on a daily basis,
sparking a nationwide obsession with weight
and, more importantly, health.
It was the perfect stage for what would happen next.
Harkin: For all countries, if you plot out kind of
saturated fat and animal cholesterol consumption
against cardiovascular disease,
you sort of see a linear-based relationship
whereby the more animal products you eat,
the higher the rate of death.
The French seemingly, for whatever reason,
despite their large quantities of saturated fat intake,
had a lower risk of cardiovascular death.
Jack: This went against conventional science
at the time, but the French, despite their love
of fatty meats, cheeses, and butter,
had apparently found a loophole.
In 1989, this unusual trend was coined the French Paradox.
Two years later, "60 Minutes" premiered a landmark broadcast
explaining the French Paradox
and suggested that France's regular consumption
of red wine was what was protecting their hearts.
Morley Safer: So the answer to the riddle,
the explanation of the paradox, may
lie in this inviting glass.
Jack: At the time, "60 Minutes"
was the highest-rated show on television,
and middle-aged baby boomers now had this planted
into their brains: You can eat all the meat
and cheese and butter you want,
all you have to do is drink more wine.
Sales in the '90s skyrocketed.
Vineyards expanded, and everyone was drinking the hot
new health beverage.
The good reputation of wine is often attributed
to its antioxidants like resveratrol,
but there's not enough resveratrol in wine
to have beneficial effects.
Right now, it's just a good marketing term.
It turns out it's not just red wine
that has some sort of health benefit.
It's any alcoholic beverage.
Harkin: When it came to alcohol,
it's been consistently demonstrated
all kinds of different populations,
socioeconomic profiles, everything,
that this moderate amount of intake
for whatever reason seems to be linked
with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease,
even lower than those who consumed no alcohol.
Jack: Studies over the years have shown
that moderate consumption of alcohol in general
is linked with a lower risk of heart disease,
and as for the French Paradox...
Harkin: They also found that French physicians
were systematically underreporting cardiovascular
disease for whatever reason.
Jack: In a report published in 1999,
not only were coronary deaths massively underreported
in France, when observing alcohol-related deaths,
French men were more likely to die
from gastrointestinal cancers, more likely
to commit suicide, suffer violent deaths,
or die in accidents than men in other European countries.
In other words, the French were dying too much
from other things to even develop heart disease.
The key point that Dr. Harkin came back to was
that when it comes to health, it's important
to be aware that one thing isn't going
to make us healthy. Rather, it's a combination of
various things that we've all heard over and over again.
Harkin: So while things like eating your dark chocolate
and your red wine and all that sound fun and cool
and sexy, unfortunately, it's a lot more boring than that,
and it really just is eating your fruits,
your vegetables, whole grains, beans,
exercising, all this other stuff while very interesting,
and may at some point have a good role,
are probably more on the periphery
and are gonna have sort of mild impacts.
Jack: So red wine's not like a saving grace?
Harkin: Yeah, it's not gonna, like I said, it's just not
gonna...it's not gonna protect you from the cheeseburger
you had the night before.
Jack: That's too bad.
Harkin: I know.