So welcome back.
Let's continue our lecture series on drug metabolism and talk about Phase I and Phase II reactions.
So what we're going to do here is break this up into 2 parts.
And so, Phase I metabolism, I just want you right now to associate it with the Cytochrome P 450 system and that's something we eluded to in the last lecture.
And so, what enzymes is Phase I metabolism using? What class of enzymes?
And so, the class of enzymes we use are called oxidases
and what do these oxidases do?
Well they unmask or introduce polar groups. Examples being -Os and -OHs. Hence, the term oxidases.
And they unmask these polar groups on the drug.
And what we're going to do in about one minute is actually draw out this reaction so you can see it and understand it
and the name of these oxidases by enlarge, the largest family of drugs working in the you know Phase I metabolism are the cytochrome p450
and so, we see CYP - that's where it comes from and then 450.
Now where does the 450 come from?
This has confused lots of people.
Well, these are heme-containing enzymes and just a little historical tidbit, remember that heme binds oxygen
but more than oxygen, heme binds carbon monoxide.
And so, when heme binds and forms carbon monoxide, the maximum wavelength that it absorbs is 450 nanometers
and that's where the name comes from but let's look at Phase I metabolism here.
And the reason we're going to do this is so that you get it, so that you understand.
So, we start with the drug and what we want to do now is take this drug, metabolize it
and form a more water soluble drug.
And I'm just going to write a drug with a star and that star means it's more water soluble.
Well, the first thing, let's switch colors here.
First thing I want to realize is we're using oxidases. We're trying to introduce our unmasked polar groups.
And so, cytochrome p450 because we are heme-containing enzymes, we know they like to deal with oxygen.
So, I'm just going to write in oxygen here.
And so, one thing that does happen is we have this O2.
One of these oxygens ends up binding to this drug.
The other oxygen ends up forming H2O.
So, let's just put in O here and I'll write the H2 and I'm being a little anal about color-coding but whatever. H2.
So, where are we getting the hydrogens from?
Well, the hydrogens we are getting from NADPH. NADPH.
And hopefully, you remember NADPH. This is from Biochemistry.
So, NADPH, we covered - well not we but you probably covered some time in the past. This is part of the pentose phosphate shunt or pathway.
Whatever you want to call it.
Do you remember when we were forming, when we took you know Glucose 6 Phosphate and we formed, 6 Phosphogluconate.
Oh! Good old Biochemistry.
Well as a by-product performed in NADPH - important concept.
And so, NADPH actually acts as a reducing agent.
It's a reducing agent.
So, what do I mean when I say reducing agent?
Who knew Biochemistry was going to come back.
By reducing agent, it means it can reduce other molecules.
And so, we remember oil rig, oxygen is lost of an electron. Reduction is gain oil rig.
By being a reducing agent, it causes other molecules to get reduced to gain an electron.
And as a result, it loses an electron.
So, we would expect if it is a reducing agent, if it's losing an electron, it itself is getting oxidized
and by losing an electron, at the end here we form NADPH+ (positively turned).
The big picture here though is that we are using cytochrome p450, we have a requirement for molecular oxygen.
One of those oxygens goes and binds to the drug. The other oxygen goes and typically forms water and the enzyme we are using here is cytochrome p450
and that is Phase I metabolism.
Now you can get much more detail with it but that's the big picture I think you should know.
But, there are other non-cytochrome p450 enzymes that are in phase I reactions but they constitute the minority.
But one of them I do think you should know is alcohol dehydrogenase.
This breaks down alcohol and it takes alcohol. We use alcohol dehydrogenase and it forms acetylaldehide
which is actually one of the side effect producing components of alcohol and acetylaldehide is later broken down into acetate.
We'll cover that later.
Now, the cytochrome p450 family has a unique way of being named.
And so, we'll see these names 3A4 or 2D6. What do those mean?
So, these are probably 2 of the most common cytochrome p450 enzymes
And so, the way this naming works is 3 represents the family of drugs, the A represents the subfamily of enzyme
and the 4, actually represents the actual isozyme - the individual isozyme.
I think of this as a family. This is the you know grandmother. This is the mother and ths is the daughter
and it's the individual person right here.
So the iso 1 zyme 1 enzyme.
and this is Phase 1 metabolism.