I mentioned in the last video that 99% of the aromatic
compounds that you'll see in a chemistry or organic chemistry
class is either going to be benzene or a molecule derived
from benzene.
So what I want to do in this video is just familiarize you
with some of these molecules and how to name them.
So you know what you're looking at.
Or I guess so you could name what you're looking at.
So you've seen this multiple times.
Benzene just looks like this.
It's a six carbon ring with three double bonds.
These three double bonds like that.
And that's not it's only configuration.
Sometimes it's shown to be in resonance with
this form right here.
So the double bonds all flip around the circle, like that.
Or sometimes it's simply drawn like this.
And I talked about this in the last video.
Just to show that really neither of these
configurations is exactly right.
That these pi electrons, they're just moving around the
entire ring.
So and sometimes you'll just have the hexagon with a circle
on the inside to show that the pi electrons are just floating
around the entire ring.
Now if I were to add something to the benzene ring, it's
pretty straightforward to name it.
So say I have this molecule right here.
So let's see I have that.
That's benzene.
But let's say this carbon over here, it has
one, two, three bonds.
If I didn't draw anything else, you'd just assume that
there's also a hydrogen here.
But maybe there's no hydrogen there.
Let me do this in a different color.
Maybe you have a chlorine there.
Well this is just chlorobenzene.
If that was a bromine, it would be bromobenzene.
So pretty straightforward.
Let me draw it.
Let me actually change it a little bit.
Let's say you had a chloro there.
And let's say you had, oh I don't know.
Let's say you had a bromo over here.
Let's say you have a bromo over there.
Draw the bromo.
So you can just start numbering.
You can actually start numbering in either place.
Let's start with the bromine.
It's alphabetically in front.
So this would be 1-bromo, 2-chlorobenzene.
Pretty straightforward.
Now it gets a little bit more involved.
The IUPAC, which we know is kind of the group that named
most things.
Everything else we've seen so far, they came up with a
separate naming mechanism from the common names.
But benzene, it's so ingrained in the organic chemistry
community, that all of the benzene or benzene derivative
molecules, they just kind of said, well you know what,
we're just going to use the names that everyone uses.
So here's a couple of common benzene derivatives.
So if you have this molecule right here.
Let me-- if you have this molecule right here-- I'll
actually draw the pi electrons as a circle.
Actually I'll draw it with the double bonds.
So let's say you have this molecule right here.
And over here you have an OH.
You have an OH right there.
This is called a phenol.
So it's not called a benzene anymore.
And if you had a molecule that looked like this,
so just like a phenol.
So essentially it is a phenol.
But let's say you have a bromine right there.
What you do is you start numbering at the group that's
making this is a phenol.
So you start numbering there.
One and then you get to the two.
So this is 2-bromo.
This is 2-bromophenol.
And unfortunately this is one of those things that you just
kind of have to memorize.
That a phenol is really just a benzene ring with an OH group.
Another one that is probably a good idea to memorize.
I mean at least for me in organic chemistry, the most
confusing thing is when someone says the name of a
molecule that sounds like they expect you to understand.
But you don't understand it.
So it's, I guess, a good idea to understand as
many names as possible.
So if you just have a benzene ring, and you just have a
methyl group attached to that benzene ring,
this is called toluene.
And once again let's say you had a
fluorine right over there.
This would be one, two, three fluorotulene.
I always have trouble saying that.
So it's one, two, three.
You start at the group that's kind of
making this the toluene.
So let me make it a little bit clearer.
So this would be 3-fluorotoluene.
This would all be in one word.
I just wrote it up here to save some space.
Now a couple of other ones that you'll see.
And once again, as you know, if you watched many, many Khan
Academy videos, I hate memorizing things.
But these are just names.
And these aren't systematically derived.
The chemistry community just uses them, because that's the
way they've heard them.
So it is one of those things you kind of have to memorize.
So if you have a benzene ring, where the functional group
that is kind of defining the benzene ring, it's essentially
becoming an amine.
We haven't actually covered videos on amines yet.
And I'll do that in a future video.
But it's essentially, it's replaced one of the hydrogens
in ammonia.
Let me draw ammonia.
Ammonia has three hydrogens and one lone pair.
Here we've replaced one of the hydrogens.
Actually there's two hydrogens here.
We've replaced one of the hydrogens with a benzene ring.
This type of thing you call an aniline.
Right there.
And the same idea.
If I put a fluoro here, this would be 2-fluoroaniline.
So you use whatever the base molecule is, and then you just
name it, really the way we've named a lot of things before.
And I'll just introduce you to two more, just so that you
have them under your belt.
So that you'll have seen them before if anyone introduces
them to you.
And they're really introducing groups that we'll study in
more detail in the future.
But if you have a benzene ring once again.
So we have a benzene ring.
And then you have a carboxyl group.
And we'll talk more about carboxyl groups in the future.
But it creates carboxylic acid.
This thing right here, this hydrogen, it can actually be
released quite easily.
And we'll talk about that in the future.
This right here is called benzoic acid.
And this name, actually there is a little bit
more logic to this.
You have the benz part for the benzene.
So let me make this in different colors.
The benzene part, that gives us the benz right there.
And then in general, whenever you have a carboxyl group like
this, it becomes a carboxylic acid.
And you tend to add the -oic acid to the end.
So this actually has some logical naming to it.
Now the last one I'll introduce you to is very
similar to this.
Instead of having an OH right here, we just have a hydrogen.
It would be an aldehyde.
So let me draw that.
And you could almost imagine what
that's going to be called.
It's benzaldehyde.
So let me draw it.
So you have your benzene ring.
And then instead of this carboxyl group, you have an
aldehyde group.
You have your carbon.
There's implicitly a carbon here.
Let me make that, just in case it's the first time
you're seeing it.
You have a carbon there.
Instead of an OH group, you have just a hydrogen.
And so once again you have a benzene.
So it actually makes sense to put the benz over there.
And then you have the aldehyde group.
Then you have an aldehyde group right over here.
So this is called a benzaldehyde, or this molecule
is called benzaldehyde.
And we'll study amines and aldehydes and carboxylic acids
in much more detail in future videos, and actually see
reactions that involve them.
But I just wanted to expose you to this.
And so when you see these kinds of names, you don't
become intimidated.