What is the paternal lineage of the builders of Stonehenge?
Why did the people who made this suddenly come to life?
What is the Y-DNA of the people who completely exterminated them?
It's coming up!
As you may well know, Stonehenge is a ring of stones in the prehistoric megalithic monuments of Salisbury Plains and Avebury, Wiltshire, southern England.
The people believed to have built Stonehenge around 3000 BC suddenly disappeared after that.
There are numerous videos on YouTube introducing Stonehenge.
Still, this video introduces the Y-DNA of the person who built Stonehenge and the people believed to have annihilated them.
Stay tuned and watch until the end!
This colossal monument is believed to be a foundation for the God and an astronomical observatory.
The moon, like the sun, has regular cycles.
It was like a clock or calendar to people in the old days.
Our ancestors learned that the sun rises every morning and the moon appears and disappears repeatedly.
And you realize that the cycle is 28-29 days.
So, based on this cycle, they divided the year and marked the seasons' time.
Stonehenge, where 30 stones are lined up in a large circle with a diameter of 30 meters!
They calculated a year by observing the flow of the sun moving along the ecliptic during the day and figured a day
and a month by following the waxing and waning moon at night.
There are times when the moon aligns perfectly with the central altar.
For example, the summer solstice is when the sun rises above the Hill Stone and illuminates the main altar.
This is an important reason why experts associate Stonehenge with astronomy.
The moon was the first clock that taught humanity the passage of time, regardless of the East or the West.
In Stonehenge, more than 80 megaliths are 8 meters high and weigh 50 tons.
But who built this place, how, and why is still a mystery.
First, let's take a brief look at the structure of Stonehenge.
The structure uses a 3D model.
Stonehenge was built in stages.
t was made several times over at least 1500 to 2000 years.
Please take a look at the outer circle of the monument.
It's about 100 meters in diameter.
There were 56 pits known as Aubrey Holes.
In addition, there were likely wooden structures within the embankments and ditches.
Features such as the Heel Stone and the low mound known as the North Barrow were early components of Stonehenge.
People were cremated and buried in and around Aubrey Holes and in ditches.
About 64 crematoriums have been discovered,
and around 150 individuals were buried around the original Stonehenge.
This makes it the most considerable Late Neolithic burial ground in the British Isles.
The people who made these holes lived in the late 4th millennium BC and early 3000 BC.
According to archaeological excavations, around 2500 BC,
these builders preferred stone instead of wood and dug two concentric arrays in the center of the site.
Around 2500 BC, the stones in the center of the monument were erected.
At Stonehenge, there are two types of stones:
larger Sarsen and smaller bluestones.
These sarsens were erected in two concentric arrays.
Horseshoe-shaped inner sarsens and circle-shaped outer sarsens.
Around 2200 BC, the Bluestone rearranges.
Earthwork Avenue, which connects Stonehenge to the River Avon, was also built.
Hill Stone is also on Earthwork Avenue.
Analysis of a core recently extracted from Stonehenge revealed the origin of the Sarsen stone to the West Woods,
25 km (15 miles) from the edge of the Marlborough Downs.
On average, sarsens weigh as much as 25 tons.
Bluestones are the term used to refer to the small stones of Stonehenge.
They are geologically diverse but come from the Preseli Hills in southwest Wales.
It may not look blue, but it has a bluish tint when freshly broken or wet-
weighing between 2 and 5 tons each.
Some unspotted basalt bluestones may have initially been part of the stone circle at Waun Mawn in the Preseli Hills.
Recent excavations here have uncovered hollow stone pits,
which show that at least six bluestone pillars were removed from the area in prehistoric times.
The Preseli Hills are 240 kilometers (150 miles) from Stonehenge.
How did the builders of these monuments transport bluestone from so far back then?
It is highly likely that they made ships and divided them through sea routes.
The possibility that it was transported via land cannot be ruled out either.
However, the land route would have required more workforce and time than the sea route.
It is impossible to mobilize people to transport bluestones unless they have power.
This means that a differentiated class society developed during this period.
The Altar Stone is made from sandstone found in southeast Wales's Brecon Beacons or Black Mountains region.
It is located 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of the Preseli Hills.
When the bluestones were erected initially at Stonehenge,
they were constructed in the halls of the double stone hole known as the Q and R holes,
later relocated to the current arrangement of an outer circle and an inner horseshoe shape.
Archaeologists believe that the Hill Stone was also likely built at this time.
People dug a large hole with one side sloping to erect the stones.
The back of the hole was lined with a row of wooden stakes.
The stone was then moved into position and held upright using plant fiber rope and possibly a wooden A-frame.
Weights may have been used to straighten the stone.
The holes were then tightly filled with rubble.
Analysis of recent laser studies of the stones revealed the different stone processing methods used
and found that some parts of the monument were finished more carefully than others.
They are horizontal lintels and upright stones.
To fit the mortise and extruded tenons, a technique was used.
This type of joint technique is commonly used in woodworking.
The people who dug and built the Aubrey Holes and the people who made Sarsen
and Bluestone are genetically entirely different groups.
Who are they, and where do they come from?
When did modern humans live in the British Isles?
To answer this question, it is necessary to understand the climatic environment
and geographical characteristics of the British Isles during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Modern humans, Homo sapiens, began living in the British Isles around 12000 BCE.
Did they cross the sea and enter the British Isles?
No. Much of the British Isles were covered with glacial ice during the Last Glacial Maximum Period, which ended about 18,000 years ago.
The sea level was about 120 meters (390 ft) lower than it is now.
Britain was connected by land to the Eurasian continent.
This is called Doggerland.
Those who first arrived in England must have come on foot across Doggerland.
Ireland was connected by an ice bridge as far back as 14000 BC.
Ireland was inhabited in 8000 BC.
The remains of mammoths, lions, and other animals,
as well as prehistoric tools and weapons, have been salvaged from the waters that used to be Doggerland.
So how long has land connected Britain?
The screen you're looking at is what Doggerland looked like around 8000 BC.
Glaciers melted, and sea levels rose, but Britain remained connected by land.
DNA from people who lived between 8000 and 9000 BC has been analyzed.
The paternal lineage was I-P215 and I2-S2497.
Maternal DNA was U5b1 and B5.
The Y-DNA of people who lived between 7000 BC and 8000 BC was also I2-S2497,
and the mitochondrial DNA was U5b and U5a2.
The ice sheets gradually began to melt as temperatures rose and sea levels rose.
Around 6500 BC, the land was filled with seawater.
Dogger Bank remained an island until 5000 BC.
Around 6200 BC, an undersea landslide off the coast of Norway, known as the Storegga slide, caused a tsunami.
Recent hypotheses suggest that this flooded the British coastline and devastated Mesolithic populations.
Another view says that the Storegga tsunami devastated Doggerland but was pushed back into the sea.
A significant freshwater release from North America's Lake Agassiz caused sea levels to rise over two years, turning Britain into an island.
Even after the Strait of Dover was submerged, the wave of migration to the British Isles continued.
The map you're looking at is the DNA of people who lived between 4000 and 5000 BC.
The paternal lineage of the migrant population was almost all of I2.
Maternal lineage is more diverse than paternal lineage.
The maternal lineages or mitochondrial DNA haplogroups analyzed during this period were populations belonging to K1, H, and U5.
People belonging to I2 continued to migrate to the British Isles between 4000 and 3000 BC.
The Y-DNA extracted from their remains belonged to I2 as well.
In Ireland, some of the people belonging to H have been excavated.
According to the researchers who studied their DNA, they built early Stonehenge.
Researchers concluded that these were early European farmers and hunter-gatherers from Western Europe.
Stonehenge's ancestors were Neolithic farmers from Anatolia.
Pioneer farmers who left Anatolia spread agriculture to the Aegean Sea and developed agricultural techniques.
Farmers from the Aegean Sea migrated to the British Isles.
DNA analysis revealed that they inherited 75% of their DNA from their Aegean ancestors,
with the rest modeled as coming from western hunter-gatherers in continental Europe.
As you can see on the screen, maternal DNA is more diverse than paternal DNA.
What is very unusual is that in the British Isles,
only a few groups belonging to Y-DNA I2 are found between 3000 and 2000 BC.
At this time, the population of the British Isles is entirely replaced by people with Y-DNA R1b.
Right now, you are looking at the Y-DNA of people who lived during this period on the screen.
They were armed with agricultural implements and weapons made of copper and bronze.
A key group of immigrants during this time were the Bell Beaker people.
The Bell Beaker people migrated from mainland Europe around 2500 BC.
Their ancestors came from the Black Sea-Caspian steppe and likely spoke an Indo-European language.
And most likely riding a tame horse.
The arrival of the Bell Beaker people displaced more than 90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool.
hey must have accumulated wealth by trading tin, Britain's only export item.
They influenced the Wessex culture, a culture formed during the Bronze Age that dominated central and southern England.
The second and third stages of Stonehenge, the megalithic stage, were built by them.
The people of Wessex had a form of social organization strong enough to build Stonehenge by transporting bluestones from the Preseli Hills,
240 km away.
So what happened to the people who built Stonehenge in the first place?
It was most likely mass exterminated by people belonging to Y-DNA R1b.
Those who mainly used stone tools would not have been able to defeat the R1b people
who attacked quickly on horseback and weapons made of bronze, which were the most advanced at the time.
Please refer to the linked video for the diffusion pathway of Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b.
In England, only a few Y-DNAs of people belonging to I2 are found after the Middle Ages.
The spread of R1b,
which now accounts for the majority of British paternal genes, was at the cost of I2 people 5000 years ago.
The spread of ancient agriculture and the development of metal technology further enriched humanity.
The population grew, and a solid social organization emerged.
For men, on the other hand, it was a period of trial.
According to a paper published in Genome Research in 2015,
it is reported that there was an extreme nominal phenomenon in the diversity of the Y-chromosome around 2500 BC, 5000 years ago.
On the other hand, the diversity of mitochondrial DNA did not change significantly during the same period but increased.
As cutting-edge bronze weapons were introduced at the time
and iron weapons were developed and spread through technological innovation, wars increased.
The bottleneck of the Y-chromosome appeared because many men who participated in the war were sacrificed.
It is no exaggeration to say that human history recorded since the Bronze Age is a history of warfare.
The development of technology has made us enjoy economic prosperity,
but on the other hand, we always worry about the risk of war.
This has two sides.
Today will be no exception.
So far, we have looked at the DNA of the people who made Stonehenge and the DNA of the people who replaced them.
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