Hello my name is Richard Kerrigan welcome to the workshop, you know today, we're going to talk about
Paraphrasing what it is how to do it and how to use in-text?
Citations to begin with let's say you have an essay to write, and you need to borrow information from another writer
You could use a direct quotation or better yet, you could rewrite their words into your own words
When we do this we call it
Paraphrasing if you think about it we paraphrase every day
Let's say a friend calls you in the morning and says I'm sick. I'm not
Going anywhere today
When you get to school you see another friend and say Jan isn't feeling well, so she's going to stay home
You just paraphrased the original message to put it simply
Paraphrasing is taking ideas or concepts from another writer and putting them into your own words
Now there are three things you need to remember when you paraphrase
Number one be careful not to change the original meaning
The original ideas or concepts need to be kept the same if we change the meaning even a little then we cannot say
according to
Because that's not what the author really said if you look at our example again
We can see the two points in the message are kept the same in the original message their friend is sick
And she's not going anywhere in the paraphrased message their friend is not feeling well meaning
She's sick, and she is staying home meaning. She's not going anywhere
Both the original and the paraphrase say the same thing but with different words
But if you said Jan is going to stay home because she doesn't want to come to school then the original message would be changed
number two use your own language
You know when you paraphrase you need to show that you read it you understood it
And you are using your own words. This is where it becomes a little bit challenging
It's easy to paraphrase in everyday message
But to paraphrase an academic passage like science or philosophy or even engineering it
Simply takes more efforts why because the grammar is more complex and the vocabulary is more academic
Now there are certain words you do not need to change like common knowledge words or names of people or places or things
Or even formulas these can be kept the same number
Three the last thing we need to remember is cite the paraphrase when we use MLA to cite a quote or a paraphrase
We need to mention the author's last name and the page number in the passage the author's full name
Title and publisher and other information is placed at the end of the paper under works cited in
College writing for we'll talk in more detail on both, MLA and APA
Now there are two ways to cite a paraphrase or to do in-text
Citation you can use a name tags such as according to Johnson
Overwork is one of the primary causes of stress in this country page 46 here
We have our name tag according to the author's last name Johnson and the page number in parentheses at the end
The second way to do in-text citation is to put the author's last name and page number in parentheses at the end of the paraphrase
What if you want to paraphrase a quote cited by another author?
The best thing to do is find the original source, but if that's not possible in MLA use
Qtd dot I n which simply means quoted in this will show you are
Paraphrasing a quote another author used in their writing
According to Smalley daily exercise is as important to our health as an adequate diet
QT di
and Bradley
342 in other words you are paraphrasing a quote by Smalley that Bradley used in his work
So how do you cite when you're using an internet source when citing from the internet if no one give the author's name?
article title and the website address for example
According to PT you dot e-d-u
actions in the digital world have far-reaching consequences
in real life online social networking in this example
We have the web address and the title but we don't know the author's name
Notice the web address should be written in this short form for example
PT u dot edu vs.
HTTP colon slash slash w w
PT u
edu you
Know a student came to me the other day and asked. Why is paraphrasing so important
I can think of one good reason why students should learn how to paraphrase
When we paraphrase it shows that we have put thought into our work in other words
Anyone can copy and use a direct quote
but it takes deep thinking to paraphrase someone else's ideas and put them into our own paper I
Want to talk to us briefly now about Pledger rising?
You know a phrase we hear a lot in university circles today is academic honesty
With technology it's easy to copy and paste other people's work some students do it a little and some students do it a lot
But if we're going to be successful in life
We need to learn to be honest after all if we use other people's ideas without giving them credit
We're really only cheating ourselves because in the end we may get the grade, but we will not have the skills
Remember honesty is the best policy?
So let's spend some time now talking about how to paraphrase and let's begin by taking an original quote a quotation if you would
The homeless often experience hardships throughout their lives that are not easily forgotten
Now when we paraphrase the first thing we want to do is to read the text to understand the writer's ideas
Because really we're not just paraphrasing words
We are paraphrasing ideas and concepts
And we must understand what the writers message really is
Now a good way to understand the meaning by simply asking questions as we read
Questions like when a person is homeless. What does that mean?
What kind of hardships does a homeless person experience or why are these experiences hard to forget?
Now you may have answered these questions a little differently than I did
But as I read the text I came up with these answers when a person is homeless. They live on the streets
They really don't belong anywhere and in some sense they are lost
number two the hardships that they experience maybe hunger maybe loneliness and in some cases it may even be
cruelty and number three any abuse or trauma
They experience certainly would be hard to forget
Now another thing that is good is look at how the writer is building their argument and how that argument then fits into the overall
Passage now once you understand the text. It's important to set it aside
Don't look at it because if you do you might be tempted to copy just a little
Set it aside and write your understanding of the text on another piece of paper
Let's look now at three paraphrases of the example text and decide which one is the best number one
Homeless people experience difficulties all their lives that they cannot forget
Number two example street people have to go through situations that they remember for the rest of their lives
number three
People living on the streets often encountered troubles and misfortunes that are not easy to erase from their memories
So which one did you decide is the best number one number two or number three?
Let's compare them with the original the first one is really too close to the original although
They change some of the language. They still used homeless
Experience their lives and a form of the word forgot the second one did a good job on using different language
But we are not sure the situations. They go through are good or bad. So there is some question on the meaning
The last one comparing with the original clearly use different language and expresses the ideas of the writer
So out of the three, which one. Did you choose?
If you chose number three good job. Let's go ahead now and summarize how to paraphrase
First read to understand the text then set the text aside and write your understanding of the meaning
Then compare your paraphrase with the original and lastly use proper citations
Well that brings us to the end of this workshop
But I want to thank you for joining us today as we have talked about paraphrasing
I wish you the best and if you have any questions click on the link above I would love to hear from you
until next time take care