During the Earths' early days,
a gargantuan collision
left our planet spinning at an angle.
That slight incline allowed
life as you know it to flourish.
But what if this impact caused Earth
to rotate at a much more dramatic slant?
Like, say, on its side?
Around 4.5 billion years ago,
during Earth’s infancy,
our world got slammed by Theia,
a Mars-sized protoplanet.
This collision was so violent
that Earth almost turned into a cloud of vaporized rock.
The impact also tilted the Earth's axis
70 degrees from its orbital axis.
Lucky for us and all the life that came after the enormous crash,
this extreme tilt decreased over time
and settled at 23.5 degrees.
And this is the planet you live on at this very moment.
But what if the encounter with Theia had flipped Earth 90 degrees?
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So what's the deal with this tilt anyway?
Well, it gives us seasons.
As Earth orbits the Sun,
our hemispheres take turns facing our star.
When the northern axis is pointing toward the Sun,
the northern hemisphere receives more sunlight
and experiences summer.
Meanwhile, the southern axis receives less sunlight
so the southern hemisphere can have its winter.
Six months later, it all shifts,
and it is now the northern hemisphere that experiences winter
while the southern hemisphere enjoys the summer.
All because of our planet's 23.5-degree tilt.
Now that’s what I call fair and balanced.
But balanced is not a word that would describe the Earth
if it had an axial tilt of 90 degrees.
If our planet was spinning on its side,
the North Pole would face the Sun head-on,
while the South Pole would be completely hidden away from it.
After six months, this would change.
Now the South Pole would face the Sun
while the North Pole would be thrown into darkness.
Then what would all this mean for you?
Well, dealing with a six-month-long winter and a six-month-long summer.
That's what.
It might not sound all that bad, but let me assure you.
Your days would be radically different.
Whenever one of hemispheres was directly facing the Sun
it would get sunlight 24/7 for six months straight.
The U.S., Sweden, Japan
and all the other countries in the northern hemisphere of the planet
would be blasted by constant sunlight for half the year.
And I mean, it would be a constant summer day.
You'd have to get used to sleeping while the Sun is up
and stockpile your sunscreen.
That might sound familiar to residents of Barrow, Alaska,
who already experience sunlight for 84 straight days.
This is because when the North Pole is angled toward the Sun,
all the areas within the Arctic Circle
are unable to fully escape its rays.
This phenomenon is known as the midnight sun.
During July the northern hemisphere
could experience scorching 80 to 100 °C (176 to 210 °F) temperatures.
That's hot enough to boil water.
The blazing climate would be particularly ferocious at the poles,
especially in the north.
The rising ocean temperatures would trigger
stronger and more frequent hurricanes.
And because the weather would now be all over the place,
the entire planet would experience severe droughts
during the summer months.
And that’s just half the tale.
Now let's now take a look at what happens
when one of the hemispheres is pointing away from the Sun.
Yeah, instead of a reliable SPF
you would need to invest in a good set of headlights,
because these six months would be shrouded in darkness.
Half of your year would be a long, long night.
And on top of those headlights,
get your hands on the best winter jacket you can find.
The hemisphere’s months-long night would be a freezing one.
It would become as cold as the North Pole is during its winter,
with swirls of frigid winds.
You'd see blizzards where Florida and Kenya are located today.
The Magic Kingdom would look more like Castle Black.
The good news is that the Earth wouldn't turn into an ice rock.
Even during the coldest months, it wouldn't be entirely covered with ice.
That's because the poles wouldn't experience winter
long enough to become completely frozen.
You'd see some seasonal snow
stretching from Northern Africa all the way to the Middle East.
Only two places might be able
to hold on to that snow throughout the year.
The Andes Mountains of western South America
and the extreme highlands of eastern Africa.
Your best chance at ice fishing
could be over the equatorial ocean,
which might be the only body of water covered in ice.
So what would life be like on this very tilted planet?
Well, for starters,
a lot of our coastal cities would now be underwater.
That's because on this sideways-spinning Earth,
all the ice covering Antarctica, Greenland and mountain glaciers would melt.
And this would cause the oceans to rise 70 m (230 ft).
Many people would be forced to leave their homes.
But the problems wouldn't stop there.
Such extreme temperature variations
would make most parts of Europe uninhabitable.
If you still wanted to stay there,
you'd have to deal with punishing winters
followed by boiling hot summers.
On the other hand,
Antarctica would hold a relatively stable climate
of around 0 to 20 °C (32 to 70 °F).
Talk about a swap.
Now, when it comes to growing food,
we’d be working under a tight timeline.
You'd only have three milder summer months to plant and harvest crops.
And those months wouldn't go uninterrupted.
The peak of the summer would get so hot
that it would burn fields.
You'd only have two 1.5-month periods in the entire year
to farm enough food for billions of people.
The resulting mass starvation would make it difficult
for any civilization to sustain itself.
And if you think the unstoppable famine
and flooding of habitable land would be awful,
wait till you hear about what those summer temperatures would do to you.
Remember how July could bring about temperatures
hot enough to brew coffee?
Well, hate to break it to you,
but the average human will suffer hyperthermia in 60 °C (140 °F) heat.
Your body wouldn't just suffer from the worst heat stroke imaginable.
After just 10 minutes, it would literally boil from the inside out.
Starvation, plus flooded cities,
plus a world that jumps from frozen to boiling
equals checkmate, humanity.
As you can see,
when it comes to planetary balance it's all in the details.
You can thank our slight 23.5-degree slant
for keeping the current weather more or less in check.
Otherwise we’d need to seriously put our minds together
and come up with ways to control the climate.
But that’s a story
for another WHAT IF.