(jazz piano music)
- [Steven] We've just walked through one of the oldest
churches in Rome, the Santa Maria Antiqua.
- [Beth] And what's so fascinating about
Santa Maria Antiqua is the paintings that span several
centuries from a time when very few paintings remain.
- [Steven] The church is located on a slope
of the Palatine Hill.
That word, palatine, is where our English word
for palace comes from and that's because the Roman
emperors had their palaces on this hill and we think
that Santa Maria Antiqua reused an older building
that may have been a guard house for the palace.
There's a ramp that would allow chariots to move
up to the top of the hill.
- [Beth] It's really interesting to think about
this transformation from Pagan Rome to Christian Rome
and of course the key figure in that transformation
is Constantine who makes it legal for Christians to practice
their religion and who, by legend, converts to Christianity
at the end of his life.
- [Steven] Constantine is also important because
he moves the capital from Rome to a new capital
named after him called Constantinople in the east.
Now, what this means is that Rome becomes
politically less important.
Let's fast forward now to the sixth century
and that's when this church is consecrated
when Rome is no longer a grand imperial city.
- [Beth] But you have this Christian population
and you have churches that have been established
by Constantine including the old Saint Peter's.
- [Steven] And later Santa Sabina for example.
- [Beth] And Santa Maria Antiqua
with its very unique paintings.
- [Steven] But in 847,
there was a terrible earthquake.
- [Beth] So between the earthquake
and the 17th century when a new church was built
on this site, Santa Maria Antiqua was forgotten.
- [Steven] Somebody was digging around
in the garden of that new church and uncovered
a small portion of the original.
There was a little bit of excavation done,
but interestingly, the church was reburied and it wasn't
until the very beginning of the 20th century that that new
church was removed and scientific excavations began.
Between 2001 and 2016, important conservation work
was done on the paintings.
The chapel is once again open to the public and this is
thanks to the Romans of course, but with help from the
Norwegians and from the World Monuments Fund in New York.
- [Beth] And you get to go back and see
what Christian Rome was like in the sixth, seventh,
and eighth centuries.
- [Steven] Let's look at paintings from each
of those periods.
- [Beth] Let's start with the painting
on the wall that's gotten most attention.
This is called the palimpsest wall.
Now the word palimpsest refers to usually, a piece of paper,
parchment, where the original writing has been scraped off
so the paper can be reused.
So the idea is a surface that has layers of content.
- [Steven] So in other words, it hadn't been
scraped off completely so there might be traces
and you can get a sense of the use and reuse of the wall.
This is just to the right of the Apse
at the far end of the church.
- [Beth] And the oldest figure here is
referred to as Maria Regina.
Maria, Mary, Queen of Heaven.
Regina in Latin means queen.
- [Steven] But that's an appropriate name
because she's dressed as if she's a Byzantine empress.
She's wearing a crown, she's bedecked with pearls and gems.
- [Beth] She's very frontal,
she's static, symmetrical.
- [Steven] On her lap she holds the Christ child
and just to her left, we see an angel.
Now, you had mentioned that this was symmetrical
and because of that, we know there would have been
another angel on the opposite side.
When the Apse was cut into the wall, we lost that angel.
- [Beth] The next layer dates to about
50 years later.
Here we see an angel referred to as the Fair Angel
and then on the left, part of the face of Mary.
So we know that this was a scene of the annunciation
of the Angel Gabriel announcing to Mary that she
is going to conceive the Christ child.
- [Steven] But look how radically different
the style of painting is.
We have this modulation of light and shadow
so we have a sense of the turn of the figures.
It's so different from the flat, frontal quality
of Maria Regina.
- [Beth] So as if that's not complicated enough,
we have yet another layer where we see a male figure
just peeking above the shoulder of Maria Regina.
This is a church father wearing a gold halo
who's also very frontal like Maria Regina.
- [Steven] And you can just see against
the bluish-gray field Greek writing which is also
from this latest layer.
- [Beth] Now art historians don't know why this wall
and other parts of the church have layers of paintings.
- [Steven] Let's turn around and go to the other
side of the sanctuary to look at a pier where there's
a more intact painting from the seventh century.
- [Beth] This is an image from
the Book of Maccabees.
- [Steven] This is Solomone and her seven sons.
She watched her seven sons executed for their faith.
- [Beth] Very important subject for early
Christians who were also persecuted for their faith.
- [Steven] What I find so striking about this
painting is the energy and naturalism.
This is so different from the Maria Regina.
Look at the way that light and shadow model
the folds of her drapery.
- [Beth] That sash around her head
and that crosses her torso.
The highlights are made with quick strokes of paint.
- [Steven] But it's clearly referencing
a classical tradition that was interested in rendering
form in the round.
- [Beth] Although she's very frontal,
her body is elongated.
- [Steven] Christianity is finding its own
pictorial language.
Painters of this time want to represent the divine,
not the physical realm, which is one of the reasons
you have kind of this elongation, this attenuation
of the body; these are not meant to be figures
that we would meet, these are symbolic figures
that represent the spiritual realm.
- [Beth] Let's look at one more image.
This is an image of the crucifixion and it's so
interesting because this is a moment when in the eastern
part of the empire, images are being forbidden
in the church.
- [Steven] This is a period which we call
the Iconoclasm; the time when images were seen as suspect.
They were objects that might be prayed to directly
and that could mislead the faithful, but this is not
the East, this is Rome and we have this large scale
crucifixion as if this church is making a statement.
- [Beth] The court in the East may be
disallowing religious images, but here in Rome,
we are making images to inspire the faithful.
These are fresco paintings.
These are made on wet plaster, but there's an interesting
ingredient here.
- [Steven] In the West, frescos tended to be
painted on simple plaster walls, but an Eastern technique
included straw and other organic materials.
What's interesting is that the frescos
in Santa Maria Antiqua use this Eastern technique
and it leads art historians and conservators to believe
that they were made by artists from the Eastern part
of the empire and that makes these paintings even more
significant because that means that these are very rare
examples of the painting tradition that was under
attack in the Eastern empire.
- [Beth] And gives us a clue about what
those paintings may have looked like that are now
lost to time.
- [Steven] Except at Santa Maria Antiqua.