Translator: Leonardo Silva Reviewer: Mile Živković
So, have you ever had this experience?
You're having a chat with someone
and they're telling you something about a subject they're very interested in
or they know a lot about,
and you're following along.
Then, at some stage you realize you kind of lost the thread of what they saying.
And then, you're standing there
and you realize you have absolutely no idea what they're talking about.
(Laughter)
I had this recently with a friend who knows a lot about investing.
And it's something I don't know a huge amount about,
but it's very important, very useful information.
But he started talking about kind of diversified investment portfolio -
blah -
(Laughter)
And unfortunately, I went away with no useful information.
So, I think it's a situation we all are familiar with,
and fortunately there's things you can do to improve this situation,
which is what I'm going to talk about today.
So, I'm a scientist. I work in the area of quantum physics.
And so, I've been on both sides of this kind of interaction.
I've both been the guy explaining very complicated material to someone,
but I've also been on the receiving end
of lots of very kind of intense scientific discussions with my colleagues.
And, when this kind of breakdown of communication happens,
I've noticed something interesting,
which is that, as a person who's stopped understanding,
you feel kind of guilty about it.
But, if you think about it, this is completely wrong,
it's the wrong way around because at that point in time,
there's literally nothing you can do to understand better.
But there is something that the other person can do to help you understand
by finding a better way of explaining what they're talking about.
And so -
during my experience in science,
I found that the only way to survive was to kind of have the courage
to politely stop the person who is explaining,
say, "I'm sorry, I don't understand what you're saying,"
and then try and go back and start off from where I'd lost the thread.
And it does take a bit of courage to do this
because you're kind of admitting that you don't know, you know, the subject matter.
But I think that's OK, and in fact, my fears were completely unwarranted.
Generally people respect you if you care much about, you know,
knowing the right information
or care about, like, understanding it properly.
So, I think we should never ever feel bad about not knowing something
and we should never feel bad about asking questions.
So, I do a lot of science communication,
and science really has this communication issue with it
because generally the subject matter is very complex.
And you might know scientists are always complaining
about how their research is being misrepresented by the media,
like "Drinking wine cures cancer."
(Laughter)
It totally doesn't, by the way.
But on the other hand, you can kind of understand
how journalists will maybe oversimplify things or get things wrong
because, to explain cutting-edge research,
you kind of need a PhD in the subject beforehand,
and that's not something we can expect, you know, the media, journalists to have
in all the different scientific disciplines.
So, I think the world would be very well-served by a whole load of people
who are really good at science communication,
people who understand the science but can also explain it in a way
that the general public can understand.
And this is important for many reasons,
but one reason is you might know
that just about all the science research that goes on around the world
is publicly funded.
So, it'd be nice if the general public could actually understand
the work that their money is going towards.
But for me, the even more important reason that science communication is good
is because it's also interesting.
The research going on is so fascinating it'd be nice if people could access it.
Take my field for example, quantum physics.
I find quantum physics to be a deeply interesting subject,
but it's one that gets this reputation of being incredibly difficult.
And that's fair, it gets complicated when you get down into the details,
but it doesn't mean you can't talk about it at all.
So, let me get a show of hands.
So, put your hand up if you don't know what quantum physics is.
And if you don't, don't feel bad about it.
Raise your hand, you know. Own your ignorance.
It's totally fine.
Okay, okay, right.
So, quantum physics is the description of the smallest things in our universe.
So, if you zoom right down smaller than cells,
down to the scale of molecules, atoms, and things atoms are made of,
you know, subatomic particles, protons, neutrons, electrons,
it just describes how they all work and also how they interact with light.
And the interesting thing about quantum physics is
it's like the fundamental rules of the universe,
and yet, the things that happen there are so very strange.
So, I'll tell you a few of the phenomena that go on in quantum physics.
One you might have heard of is called particle wave duality.
So, you can imagine all these subatomic particles,
these protons, neutrons, electrons, like little bouncy balls,
kind of bouncing around, bouncing off each other.
But sometimes you have to treat them as like spread-out waves.
And they kind of do both at the same time, which is hard for us to imagine.
So, I'll paint a picture.
Imagine dropping one of these bouncy balls into like a pond of water.
The ball would disappear,
and then you'd get these ripples going out over the surface.
Now, imagine one of the ripples hits, say, a stick.
All of the ripples on the surface disappear,
and by that stick suddenly a bouncy ball pops out again.
That's kind of strange for us to think about, right?
But this is the kind of behavior that goes on
in the subatomic realm all the time.
Another phenomena you might have heard is called quantum tunneling.
So, imagine I've thrown one of these bouncy balls against a window.
So, it would be like bounce - oh, sorry -
throw, bounce, catch -
throw -
It's gone completely through the window.
It's not smashed it. It's not interacted with it at all.
It's just suddenly on the other side of the window
and you can see it flying away.
(Laughter)
If we saw that, we'd think it was crazy, right?
But this goes on at the subatomic realm all the time.
In fact, it's the only reason we exist.
So, you might know that, in the Sun,
the way it generates energy is through nuclear fusion.
And nuclear fusion is when two hydrogen atoms come together
and the protons in their nucleus bounce off each other.
Now, if it wasn't for quantum tunneling,
they'd bounce off each other and nothing would happen.
But what actually happens is they quantum-tunnel into each other,
and that's what lets them fuse and release the sunlight,
and without that sunlight, we wouldn't exist.
So, we can thank quantum tunneling for our existence.
Another phenomenon is called superposition.
And it's a very fancy word,
but all it means it something that can do opposite things at the same time.
So, for example,
I can spin around one way,
I can spin around the other way,
but what would it look like for me
to spin around in both directions at the same time?
(Laughter)
We can't do that, we can't imagine that,
but this is what these subatomic particles do all the time.
And in fact, we can kind of do it, at least bits of us can.
So, if you've ever been in an MRI machine,
what an MRI machine does is it finds all the hydrogen atoms in your body
and makes them spin around in both directions at the same time
in this superposition.
This is what allows us to see inside of people's bodies.
So, it's interesting that all of this physics seems so kind of abstract
and remote from our everyday experience.
And yet, it's happening inside our bodies, we're made of quantum stuff.
So, it's happening everywhere around us.
And it's no just MRI machines that we use tech like quantum physics for.
There's been a whole host of other technologies that come about
because of our understanding of quantum physics.
So, one of those is our understanding of silicon
allowed us to invent the silicon chip,
which is in every single computer in the world.
So, the entire computing infrastructure of the world exists
because of our understanding of quantum physics.
And it's in other things, like lasers - they're quite useful -
and nuclear power plants.
And there's this other sound bite you might have heard about quantum physics:
it's that no one really understands quantum physics.
Well, that's actually wrong.
We do understand quantum physics very well,
and you'd kind of hope that we did
if it forms the technology MRI machines or nuclear power stations.
What they mean when they say that
is that when we try and picture in our heads something
that can be both a particle and a wave at the same time,
or something that can spin around in two directions at the same time,
we find it very hard to picture that in our heads.
But we can describe it all very well using mathematics.
So, it's fascinating that something can be so counterintuitive on one hand,
but yet, can be so practically useful on the other.
So, I really enjoy explaining science to people.
I make YouTube videos and also write kids books
for the age range around seven to eleven-year-old,
and I really like pushing myself, I don't hold back on the science,
I like explaining the most complicated subjects to that age.
So, quantum physics, nanotechnology, relativity, rocket science,
those kinds of things.
And I've come to the conclusion
that you can pretty much explain anything to anybody,
as long as you go about it the right way,
and I've come up with a set of principles I work by to do that.
So, I'm going to share these with you.
So these are my four principles of good science communication.
And I say science, but it can be any kind of technical communication.
Okay.
So, number one:
start off in the right place.
So, everyone's got a different background,
everyone's got a different set of knowledge.
And it's our job to explain the information
in terms that they already understand.
It's no good leaving a gap and starting from there
because they're not going to follow along.
It's better to, yeah, form the information from what they already understand.
And how do you do this?
It's as simple as asking them questions about what they know,
or even starting an explanation and then asking,
"Do you already get this?," or, you know, "Is this making any sense?"
And if you're talking to an audience,
you have, you know, to make your best guess,
and a show of hands can be useful too.
It's always better to err on the side of caution.
People generally don't mind hearing information that they already know.
Okay.
Principle two:
don't go too far down the rabbit hole.
People can only take on a certain amount of information at any one time,
and we have to just be realistic about that.
So, it's better to explain, say, three things
that someone will understand and remember
rather than barrage them with a whole load of information
that kind of undoes all of your good work, to begin with.
So, I could have carried on talking about quantum physics,
but hopefully I gave you enough examples that kind of piqued your interest
and you can go away with.
Okay.
Number three:
clarity beats accuracy.
So, when we're explaining things with examples,
the temptation is to give the most scientifically accurate explanation,
but they tend to be long and kind of convoluted.
It's better to come up with a simpler explanation
that maybe isn't completely technically correct,
but it gets the point across.
Imagine they're here, and the complete explanation is here.
All you want to do is just get them along that path.
So, for example, when I was talking about spin in quantum systems,
the truth is actually a little bit more abstract,
of spinning in these subatomic particles,
but what I tell you is a good picture,
and, you know, if people are still interested,
you can always iron out the details later.
Okay.
Number four:
explain why you think it's cool.
(Laughter)
If you're explaining something to someone,
you know, there's a reason why you're doing it.
Either you think it's super important or very, very interesting.
And the more that you can convey that to someone,
the more likely they are to remember it and kind of get some value from it
And you can do this in many ways.
One way is just to show your enthusiasm for the subject.
Another way is to show, using examples, how it's relevant to their lives.
So, for example, quantum physics: every time you turn on your phone,
you're invoking the fundamental laws of the universe to do your bidding -
(Laughter)
as you tweet photos of your cat.
(Laughter)
So, those are my four principles.
So, I'd just like to leave on an anecdote.
When I meet people for the first time,
and I introduce myself and say I'm a physicist,
I get one reaction more commonly than any other,
which is like, "Ooh, physics. I was rubbish at physics in school."
(Laughter)
And it happens so often it's such a shame.
You know, science shouldn't be about whether you're good at it or not.
It should only be about whether you're interested.
And so, if you find science intimidating or you have found science intimidating,
I just encourage you: there's so much good information out there these days.
Just pick the subject that you're interested in,
find some material,
and then just, from there, follow your curiosity.
Thank you.
(Applause) (Cheers)