It was early March when an electronic greeting card dropped into my mailbox. The cover featured
a colorful depiction of a young female figure playfully applying lipstick, surrounded by
flowers and butterflies, along with the text, “Happy Women’s Day.” To be honest, I
was a bit baffled. The following day another e-card arrived,
this one featuring a photo of a hot-pink box filled with matching tulips. This second card
also wished me “Happy Women’s Day,” helpfully adding the date March 8th.
Only then did I realize that International Women’s Day, celebrated worldwide on March
8th, seemed to be emerging as an occasion for private rituals involving greetings, gifts,
and flowers much like Mother’s Day. If that is indeed the case, it will be yet another
transformation of a holiday that since its inception in the early 20th century, has
undergone vast changes.
The first “Woman’s Day” celebration
took place in Chicago on May 3rd, 1908. Organized by the U.S. Socialist Party, it brought together
an audience of 1,500 women who demanded economic and political equality, on a day officially
dedicated to “the female workers’ cause.” The following year, women gathered in New
York for a similar celebration. Inspired by these American initiatives, European socialists
soon followed suit. At the International Women’s Conference,
which preceded the general meeting of the Socialist Second International in Copenhagen
in August 1910, leading German socialists Luise Zietz and Clara Zetkin proposed the
establishment of an annual International Woman’s Day as a strategy to promote equal rights,
including suffrage, for women. More than 100 female delegates from 17 countries unanimously
endorsed the proposal. What would seem a fairly innocuous gesture
marked a significant break with socialist tradition. Though ideologically committed
to human equality, socialists had long argued that women’s liberation would only materialize
under socialism, and the only way for working-class women to improve their lot in life was to
join working-class men in their struggle. Feminism was seen as a cause for middle- and
upper-class women with their own class interests in mind. Yet fearful that the feminist demand
for female suffrage might attract too many working-class women, socialist leaders decided
to embrace it. Still, they insisted that the vote was a means to an end, not an end in
itself. On March 18, 1911, on the fortieth anniversary
of the Paris Commune, International Women’s Day was marked for the first time. More than
a million Austrian, German, Swiss, Polish, Dutch, and Danish women took part in marches
and meetings. The Austrian-Hungarian Empire alone witnessed more than 300 demonstrations.
In the following years, similar events spread across the European continent. Generally spearheaded
by socialist women, demonstrations called for women’s rights and female suffrage,
and many feminists readily joined their socialist sisters.
The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 halted much of the international collaboration
that had underpinned International Women’s Day, and sowed deep divisions among socialist
women. Some supported nationalist sentiments while others protested the war and called
for working-class unity across national divides. Eventually many of these women, including
Clara Zetkin, would abandon socialist parties who rallied around the war effort and instead
embrace Communist parties and organizations. Yet, if International Women’s Day generally
floundered during the war years, it was an International Women’s Day celebration that
ultimately triggered the Russian Revolution. Russian women had first celebrated International
Women’s Day on March 8 in 1913. Four years later, on March 8, 1917 (February 23 on the
Gregorian calendar then used in Russia), working-class women in Saint Petersburg, exasperated by
rising food prices and rapidly deteriorating living conditions, led a demonstration calling
for an end to war and political autocracy. Once unleashed, their cries for “Bread and
Peace’” could not be quelled. By March 12, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate.
The events of 1917 in Russia ended up setting the date for the celebration of International
Women’s Day, not only in Russia but across the rest of Europe.
In 1922, Lenin established International Women’s Day as a communist holiday in the
new Soviet Union. The same year, Chinese communists began to celebrate it, and after
the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, it was proclaimed an official
holiday. Spanish communists used March 8, 1936 as the occasion to stage a huge demonstration
in Madrid, demanding protection of the Spanish Republic against a growing fascist threat.
International Women’s Day would remain a communist holiday until the end of the 20th century,
marked by carefully orchestrated, state-sponsored celebrations of women’s contributions to
the state. As women in the United States and across much
of Europe gained suffrage in the wake of the First World War, much of the momentum
for International Women’s Day celebrations waned. During the interwar years, some European
socialists and social democrats continued to mark “Women’s Day,” carefully omitting
the term “international” to distinguish it from its communist sister celebration,
but events rarely drew substantial crowds. It was only with the emergence of second-wave
feminism in the late 1960s, that International Women’s Day reemerged as a significant day
of activism. Though the day never (re)captured much attention among American feminists, European
feminists embraced March 8 under the updated name, Women’s International Day of Struggle
(“Frauenkampftag” in German or “Kvindenes international kampdag” in Danish).
The new name signaled political radicalism and a resolute distance from organized party
politics, both of which were key features of the women’s movement in the 1970s and
1980s. Nonetheless, March 8th celebrations typically involved not only feminists, but
a broad assortment of left-wing activists, women’s groups and labor organizations,
calling for such issues as equal pay, political parity, reproductive rights and child care.
During the International Women’s Year in 1975, the United Nations first celebrated
International Women’s Day. Two years later, in 1977, the United Nations General Assembly
adopted a resolution proclaiming a United Nations Day for Women’s Rights and International
Peace.
Eager to disentangle this new holiday from the socialist origins of International Women’s
Day, the assembly noted that it was to be observed “on any day of the year by member
states, in accordance with their historical and national traditions.”
Moreover, in contrast to contemporary feminist practices of casting it as a day of protest,
the United Nations billed it as “a time to reflect on progress made” and “celebrate
acts of courage and determination of ordinary women.”
In the decades since the 1977 resolution, The United Nations has in fact marked International
Women’s Day on March 8th with events and activities centered around a particular theme
such as “Empower Rural Women—End Hunger and Poverty” (2012) and “Empowering Women,
Empowering Humanity: Picture It!” (2015). In spite of such institutionalization of International
Women’s Day, and in following with its long history of competing traditions, March 8th
is now marked in a variety of ways around the world.
In many (former) Communist regions, it is a public holiday. In Western Europe it remains
an occasion for feminist demonstrations, and in many developing countries women’s rights
activists take to the streets to voice their calls for gender equality. In Italy, men allegedly
give yellow mimosas to women to celebrate the day. And in the United States, some people
apparently send cards and flowers to honor the women in their lives.