plasmids is a term often used by many in
the electric universe to describe a
plethora of phenomena but what exactly
are plasmids let's find out
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the term plasmoid was first coined in
1956 by Winston H Bostick and he used it
to describe a plasma magnetic entity he
first discovered this during experiments
with plasma when he fired plasma from a
plasma gun he discovered that the plasma
was not projected as an amorphous blob
as he had initially expected in fact
what he discovered is that the plasma
formed a structure which was dictated by
its magnetic field if the plasma is
projected across a conducting media so
another plasma electromagnetic breaking
action traps the lines of magnetic
fields inside forming the plasmoid
plasmids can take on a variety of
different shapes in Bostick's original
experiments he actually found that the
plasmids were hollow cylinders that
expanded outwards in later experiments
he was able to produce toroidal shapes
and other shaped plasmids the important
thing to remember is that the plasmoid
is a self-contained entity where the
plasma and the magnetic fields are
trapped inside of it so the plasma
cannot escape and the magnetic fields
wrap around it causing currents to flow
inside of that structure he speculated
that as the plasmids moved along it was
not stable and both its large and small
radii would steadily increase and they
likened this expansion to a magnetic
explosion where most of the outward
velocity is picked up from the plasma is
small
using this information Bostick
speculated that it would be possible to
conceive of a more stable variant of the
plasmoid which he called the s plasmoid
he speculated that ionized material
ejected from the Sun would escape along
the magnetic field lines in the form of
plasmids now in the laboratory the
plasmids he was able to create were
elongated hollow cylinders and he was
able to combine several of them through
a spiral to form a ring of plasma a
toroid he discovered that they
experienced an electromagnetic breaking
action which decelerates and deflects
them when they encounter one another he
experimented with the plasmids and
discovered that he was able to recreate
several different types of galaxy
formation by firing two plasmids
at each other across a magnetic field
the leading edges seemed to connect and
cause the rest to spiral around it as he
increased the pressure in the chamber
the plasmoid started to form a helix
shape through his work he was able to
show that the plasmids were able to
latch onto each other creating larger
and larger structures he also showed
that depending on how the leading edge
of the plasmoid was twisted it could
refuse this connection and actually end
up repelling the other plasmoid
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as these plasmoid join their angular
momentum would draw them out into a
spiral more incredible was that although
these plasmids were very short-lived in
the lab once they had reached the spiral
galaxy shape they remained in this shape
for a period of time even though the
original magnetic field had been removed
and this was a total surprise to Bostick
Bostick had seen that many of these
plasmids would eventually end up as a
torus shape but how could these
cylinders form such a torus in his
experiment it only took two cylinders
fired at each other to produce a
sustained torus shape in later
experiments it would become apparent
that as the plasmoid progressed it would
tend towards this toroidal shape he
documented many examples showing this
formation he also saw that when
combining plasmids if he combined less
of them to form the torus shape that the
total angular momentum of the shape
would be less because obviously there
would be less plasmoid and what would
happen in this case is that the torus
would be partially inverted creating a
figure of eight shape Bostic went on to
compare the plasmids he produced in the
lab to the phenomena we observe in the
cosmos in his paper he admits that when
he conducted his experiments he was not
looking for this link to cosmological
objects in his experiments the diameter
he was creating was about 10 centimeters
for the plasmids so it would need to be
scaled up by a factor of 10 to the power
of 22 to be comparable to a galaxy now
he discusses in detail how each
parameter from his experiment scales
now considering a completely ionised
region of space of about 10 to the 23
centimeters in diameter statistical
fluctuations in the density will produce
centers of incipient gravitational
attraction in regions where the density
is somewhat higher than in the
surrounding regions these gravitational
instabilities will cause clumps to form
though this is very similar to Alvin's
model of galaxy formations where
effectively we have a large gas cloud
where random fluctuations will cause a
grouping together and that gravity will
then start to take over the Alvin had
already proposed the existence of
intergalactic magnetic fields due to the
movement of plasma along these filaments
so if we add this inter bostic's model
then it can easily be seen that this
clumping action could happen very
quickly indeed Bostick assumes that the
magnetic fields of these clump regions
of higher density would to a certain
extent inhibit the motion of plasma
across the magnetic field and instead
the plasma would move along the field
lines of magnetic force just as in
Alvin's model we have discussed in
previous videos and this will cause the
plasma to be compressed forming a
lenticular shape and again this is
exactly the same as in Alvin's model you
end up with the plasma being compressed
into a disk shape now as the plasma
moves inwards it will feel an
electromagnetic breaking force slowing
it down and causing a series of plasma
Jets which will then become plasmoid to
move across the magnetic field lines and
from his observations he notes that when
there are only two Jets the galaxy forms
a barred spiral galaxy but when there
are several Jets it forms an armed
spiral galaxy
normally in the lab these plasmids would
eventually die out once the magnetic
field is removed but he calculated that
given the charge in the spiral arms and
its motion this could lead to a
regenerative dynamo action causing the
magnetic field to grow in time as the
gravitational energy is transformed into
magnetic energy the electro-motive force
which drives the current along the arms
towards the center of the galaxy is
strictly analogous to the electro-motive
force which must exist in the laboratory
barred spiral where the configuration
can be observed to rotate in the
magnetic field
now if the magnetic dipole of the galaxy
continues to rise in magnitude as more
and more material gets pulled in any
electrically conducting material like
plasma in the neighborhood will have
induced within it current whose magnetic
field will be repelled by the galaxy and
if this plasma represents another galaxy
in proximity to itself it will be
repelled he actually goes on to
calculate based on the standard magnetic
field strength for a galaxy and assuming
that the volume occupied by the magnetic
field is about 25 times that of the size
of the galaxy itself each galaxy would
convert some of its magnetic energy into
kinetic energy and this would cause both
galaxies to move away from each other
with a velocity of at least a hundred
kilometers per second and this would be
the lower limit of this value for more
mature galaxies this would be much much
higher he actually points out that this
could be the very reason galaxies are
moving away from each other
those on the periphery would feel a
greater force and therefore would be
traveling faster now this is a really
interesting idea that I have not heard
of before in the electric universe and
maybe another key to explaining the
motions of galaxies now there are
examples of what we think are galaxies
merging but again going back to his
observations in the lab it was possible
for him to cause that the plasmoid x' to
join under certain circumstances and to
not join in other circumstances now we
also know that galaxies are formed in
much larger filaments the question is
what we don't know is whether they
follow that motion of the filament we
certainly know for stars that they do so
it's a reasonable assumption that they
will do within the greater filament as
well but again this mechanism could
explain to some extent why the majority
of galaxies are moving away from us now
what I particularly like about Bostick's
work is that he combines his ideas with
Alvin's ideas the motions of the current
in the galaxies are the same as Alvin's
galactic circuit in this model he also
uses gravitation to cause the initial
collapse and you have the transfer of
gravitational energy into kinetic
rotation and magnetic energy as well now
it is equally possible that this initial
collapse could have been caused by a
z-pinch
in the intergalactic filament but this
is something that we will come back to
in future videos in the next episode we
will take this concept of a plasmoid and
use it to explain quasars and black
holes as always be brave be curious the
truth is waiting for us until next time