Kathleen Fisher: One of the reasons why computer security is so hard is because you have to
get absolutely everything right in order to have a secure system.
And there’s lots of different kinds of things you can get wrong.
Everything from your software was buggy, your passwords were too weak, you published your
passwords accidentally, your hardware was insecure, the user made a mistake and fell
victim to a phishing attack and gave their credentials to a foreign agent or a bad guy.
All of those things have to be done correctly in order to have a secure system.
It might seem tempting to think, you know, everybody has a cell phone so you could just
use your cell phone to do voting like we do for American Idol or similar TV shows.
It works for American Idol because nobody cares all that much who wins or doesn’t
win.
If you get the wrong outcome some people will care, but it won’t affect sort of the future
of the country, for example.
It’s not sensible to use cell phones for voting for things that matter, national elections
for example, because the software on a phone is enormous and very complicated, and so understanding
that that code is correct and actually counting all of the votes appropriately would be a
task that would be so complex as to be infeasible to do.
You could have the legitimate app that is designed to correctly count the votes for
an election, but somebody could hack into that set of applications and plant bugs in
a bunch of different cell phones so that the final results were not the actual intent,
it didn’t actually capture the intent of all the voters.
So a system for voting that relies entirely on computers to do all of the voting will
never be secure, because you’ll never have enough confidence that the code that was running
on those computers correctly counted the votes as the person who voted intended.
There’s always the chance that there were bugs or that a hacker came and changed the
code or corrupted the code to make the result be what the hacker wanted instead of what
the voters wanted.
So one of the things to know about how the U.S. election system works is that voting
machines are the perview of states.
So every state has their own process for deciding how what technology to use to count votes.
And so it’s not, there’s not a monoculture where every single voting site has the same
technology.
It’s determined on the state-by-state basis.
So you have 50 different state authorities—at least —who are deciding what technology
to use for that particular state, and there are different technologies in play.
One of the technologies is just a touch screen where you go and you tap the choices that
you want and it records it in a computer program.
Ten states currently have that kind of technology, and from a cybersecurity perspective that
technology is terrible, because what computers do is exactly what they’re told to do by
the last person who loaded code onto the system.
I think people who don’t know very much about computers tend to think that computers
do the “right thing.”
But in fact they just do exactly what their told to do.
So if they’re told to do the correct thing by a person who has the authority to tell
them, then that’s great.
But that’s often not what happens.
The voting systems that just have the touch screen, there’s no way of auditing what
happened retroactively.
It’s just a question of “did the system actually count it correctly?”
You don’t know.
All you have at the end of the day is the collection of totals.
So somebody could have replaced the code, hacked in and made it count in a slightly
skewed way, in a very skewed way—You really have no way of telling.
So that technology is bad.
People pretty much know that technology is bad and it’s being phased out.
So no one is trying to buy more of these machines at this point and they’re no longer being
manufactured.
So we’re trending in a good direction as far as that’s concerned.
A different kind of machine are the optical scanning machines where you fill out – it’s
kind of like a Scantron form from elementary school where you fill out the multiple choice
questions on the form and then the form is read electronically.
And now the program that’s doing the reading has all the problems of the system that I
talked about before where it is software that’s scanning and counting and could be buggy,
could be corrupted by somebody who’s hacking in.
But you still have that paper record, so you can go back after the fact and audit to confirm
that the report, that the total that was reported was actually correct and so that post facto
auditing capability is really important.
Most states use this technology now.
Some states have in place an automatic auditing process, so independent of whether any candidate
asks for an audit they go and pick some number of the voting districts and some number of
the ballots and they check to make sure that the counting process was correct.
I think probably the level of auditing isn’t sufficient.
There needs to be broader auditing and more random auditing going on, but it’s definitely
a step in the right direction.
The principle of the people who work in this area talk about is they want to make sure
that they can guarantee the results are correct even if a nefarious person wrote the code
that did the counting.
So it has to work even if the software was completely buggy.
And this optical scanning reading technology satisfies that characteristic.
Because even if the code that does the counting of the Scantron form is buggy they can go
look at the physical forms and figure out that there was a mistake and correct it using
different software.
So there’s an audibility capability that exists in that kind of technology that doesn’t
exist if you have no paper trail.
So I think at this point we kind of know how to do it from a technical point of view and
the question is getting the states all to shift to that new kind of technology.