The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia.
"The Outback" is more remote than those areas named "the bush" which is any location outside
the main urban areas.
While often envisaged as being arid, the Outback regions extend from the northern to southern
Australian coastlines, and encompass a number of climatic zones; including tropical and
monsoonal climates in northern areas, arid areas in the "red centre" and semi-arid and
temperate climates in southerly regions.Geographically, the Outback is unified by a combination of
factors, most notably a low human population density, a largely intact natural environment
and, in many places, low-intensity land uses such as pastoralism (livestock grazing) in
which production is reliant on the natural environment.Culturally, the Outback is deeply
ingrained in Australian heritage, history and folklore.
In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Queensland Outback was announced as one
of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "natural attraction".
== History ==
Indigenous Australians have lived in the Outback for approximately 50,000 years and occupied
all Outback regions, including the driest deserts, when Europeans first entered central
Australia in the 1800s.
Many Indigenous Australians retain strong physical and cultural links to their traditional
country and are legally recognised as the Traditional Owners of large parts of the Outback
under Commonwealth Native Title legislation.
Early European exploration of inland Australia was sporadic.
More focus was on the more accessible and fertile coastal areas.
The first party to successfully cross the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney was led
by Gregory Blaxland in 1813, 25 years after the colony was established.
People starting with John Oxley in 1817, 1818 and 1821, followed by Charles Sturt in 1829–1830
attempted to follow the westward-flowing rivers to find an "inland sea", but these were found
to all flow into the Murray River and Darling River which turn south.
Over the period 1858 to 1861, John McDouall Stuart led six expeditions north from Adelaide
into the outback, culminating in successfully reaching the north coast of Australia and
returning, without the loss of any of the party's members' lives.
This contrasts with the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition in 1860–61 which was much
better funded, but resulted in the deaths of three of the members of the transcontinental
party.
The Overland Telegraph line was constructed in the 1870s along the route identified by
Stuart.
In 1865 the surveyor George Goyder, using changes in vegetation patterns, mapped a line
in South Australia, north of which he considered rainfall to be too unreliable to support agriculture.
Exploration of the outback continued in the 1950s when Len Beadell explored, surveyed
and built many roads in support of the nuclear weapons tests at Emu Field and Maralinga and
rocket testing on the Woomera Prohibited Area.
Mineral exploration continues as new mineral deposits are identified and developed.
While the early explorers used horses to cross the outback, the first woman to make the journey
riding a horse was Anna Hingley, who rode from Broome to Cairns in 2006.
== Environment ==
=== Global significance ===
The paucity of industrial land use has led to the Outback being recognised globally as
one of the largest remaining intact natural areas on Earth.
Global "Human Footprint" and wilderness reviews highlight the importance of Outback Australia
as one of the world's large natural areas, along with the Boreal forests and Tundra regions
in North America, the Sahara and Gobi deserts and the tropical forests of the Amazon and
Congo Basins.
The savanna (or grassy woodlands) of northern Australia are the largest, intact savanna
regions in the world.
In the south, the Great Western Woodlands, which occupy 16,000,000 hectares (40,000,000
acres), an area larger than all of England and Wales, are the largest remaining temperate
woodland left on Earth.
=== Major ecosystems === Reflecting the wide climatic and geological
variation, the Outback contains a wealth of distinctive and ecologically-rich ecosystems.
Major land types include:
the Kimberley and Pilbara regions in northern Western Australia,
sub-tropical savanna landscape of the Top End,
ephemeral water courses of the Channel Country in western Queensland,
the ten deserts in central and western Australia, the Inland Ranges, such as the MacDonnell
Ranges, which provide topographic variation across the flat plains,
the flat Nullarbor Plain north of the Great Australian Bight, and
the Great Western Woodlands in southern Western Australia.
=== Wildlife === The Australian Outback is full of very important
well-adapted wildlife, although much of it may not be immediately visible to the casual
observer.
Many animals, such as red kangaroos and dingoes, hide in bushes to rest and keep cool during
the heat of the day.
Birdlife is prolific, most often seen at waterholes at dawn and dusk.
Huge flocks of budgerigars, cockatoos, corellas and galahs are often sighted.
On bare ground or roads during the winter, various species of snakes and lizards bask
in the sun, but they are rarely seen during the summer months.
Feral animals such as camels thrive in central Australia, brought to Australia by pastoralists
and explorers, along with the early Afghan drivers.
Feral horses known as 'brumbies' are station horses that have run wild.
Feral pigs, foxes, cats and rabbits are other imported animals also degrading the environment,
so time and money is spent eradicating them in an attempt to help protect fragile rangelands.
The Outback is home to a diverse set of animal species, such as the kangaroo, emu and dingo.
The Dingo Fence was built to restrict movements of dingoes and wild dogs into agricultural
areas towards the south east of the continent.
The marginally fertile parts are primarily utilised as rangelands and have been traditionally
used for sheep or cattle grazing, on cattle stations which are leased from the Federal
Government.
While small areas of the outback consist of clay soils the majority has exceedingly infertile
palaeosols.
Riversleigh, in Queensland, is one of Australia's most renowned fossil sites and was recorded
as a World Heritage site in 1994.
The 100 km2 (39 sq mi) area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles
of Oligocene and Miocene age.
== Industry ==
=== Pastoralism ===
The largest industry across the Outback, in terms of the area occupied, is pastoralism,
in which cattle, sheep, and sometimes goats, are grazed in mostly intact, natural ecosystems.
Widespread use of bore water, obtained from underground aquifers, including the Great
Artesian Basin, has enabled livestock to be grazed across vast areas in which no permanent
surface water exists naturally.
Capitalising on the lack of pasture improvement and absence of fertiliser and pesticide use,
many Outback pastoral properties are certified as organic livestock producers.
In 2014, 17,000,000 hectares (42,000,000 acres), most of which is in Outback Australia, was
fully certified as organic farm production, making Australia the largest certified organic
production area in the world.
=== Tourism === "Nothing says Australia quite like our Outback,"
states the national tourism web site.
Tourism is a major industry across the Outback, and commonwealth and state tourism agencies
explicitly target Outback Australia as a desirable destination for domestic and international
travellers.
There is no breakdown of tourism revenues for the "Outback" per se.
However, regional tourism is a major component of national tourism incomes.
Tourism Australia explicitly markets nature-based and Indigenous-led experiences to tourists.
In the 2015–2016 financial year, 815,000 visitors spent $988 million while on holidays
in the Northern Territory alone.There are many popular tourist attractions in the Outback.
Some of the well known destinations include:
Alice Springs, Northern Territory Arkaroola and Wilpena Pound in the Flinders
Ranges of South Australia Australian Stockman's Hall of Fame
Birdsville, Queensland Broken Hill, New South Wales
Broome Coober Pedy, South Australia
Devils Marbles Kakadu National Park
Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia Kata Tjuta (The Olgas)
Katherine Gorge Kings Canyon (Watarrka)
MacDonnell Ranges Monkey Mia
Mount Isa, Queensland Mount Augustus National Park
Tennant Creek, Northern Territory Uluru (Ayers Rock)
Willandra Lakes Region
=== Mining ===
Other than agriculture and tourism, the main economic activity in this vast and sparsely
settled area is mining.
Owing to the almost complete absence of mountain building and glaciation since the Permian
(in many areas since the Cambrian) ages, the outback is extremely rich in iron, aluminium,
manganese and uranium ores, and also contains major deposits of gold, nickel, copper, lead
and zinc ores.
Because of its size, the value of grazing and mining is considerable.
Major mines and mining areas in the Outback include opals at Coober Pedy, Lightning Ridge
and White Cliffs, metals at Broken Hill, Tennant Creek, Olympic Dam and the remote Challenger
Mine.
Oil and gas are extracted in the Cooper Basin around Moomba.
In Western Australia the Argyle diamond mine in the Kimberley is the world's biggest producer
of natural diamonds and contributes approximately one-third of the world's natural supply.
The Pilbara region's economy is dominated by mining and petroleum industries.
Most of Australia's iron ore is also mined in the Pilbara and it also has one of the
world's major manganese mines.
== Population == Aboriginal communities in outback regions,
such as the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands in northern South Australia, have not
been displaced as they have been in areas of intensive agriculture and large cities,
in coastal areas.
The total population of the Outback in Australia declined from 700,000 in 1996 to 690,000 in
2006.
The largest decline was in the Outback Northern Territory, while the Kimberley and Pilbara
showed population increases during the same period.
The sex ratio is 1040 males for 1000 females and 17% of the total population is indigenous.
== Medicine ==
The Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) started service in 1928 and helps people who live
in the outback of Australia.
In former times, serious injuries or illnesses often meant death due to the lack of proper
medical facilities and trained personnel.
== Education ==
In most outback communities, the number of children is too small for a conventional school
to operate.
Children are educated at home by the School of the Air.
Originally the teachers communicated with the children via radio, but now satellite
telecommunication is used instead.
Some children attend boarding school, mostly only those in secondary school.
== Terminology == The concept of 'back' country, which initially
meant land beyond the settled regions, was in existence in 1800.
Crossing of the Blue Mountains and other exploration of the inland however gave a different dimension
to the perception.
The term "outback" was first used in print in 1869, when the writer clearly meant west
of Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.It is colloquially said that 'the outback' is located "beyond
the Black Stump".
The location of the black stump may be some hypothetical location or may vary depending
on local custom and folklore.
It has been suggested that the term comes from the Black Stump Wine Saloon that once
stood about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) out of Coolah, New South Wales on the Gunnedah Road.
It is claimed that the saloon, named after the nearby Black Stump Run and Black Stump
Creek, was an important staging post for traffic to north-west New South Wales and it became
a marker by which people gauged their journeys."The Never-Never" is a term referring to remoter
parts of the Australian outback.
The Outback can also be referred to as "back of beyond", "back o' Bourke" although these
terms are more frequently used when referring to something a long way from anywhere, or
a long way away.
The well-watered north of the continent is often called the "Top End" and the arid interior
"The Red Centre", owing to its vast amounts of red soil and sparse greenery amongst its
landscape.
== Transport ==
The outback is criss-crossed by historic tracks.
Most of the major highways have an excellent bitumen surface and other major roads are
usually well-maintained dirt roads.
Tracks in very sandy or exceedingly rocky areas may require high-clearance four wheel
drives and spare fuel, tyres, food and water before attempting to travel them, however
most outback roads are easily traversed in ordinary vehicles, provided care is taken.
Drivers unused to dirt roads should be especially cautious – it is recommended that drivers
reduce their speed, drive with extra care, and avoid driving at night because animals
can stray onto roads.
Travelling in remote areas in northern Australia is not advisable during the wet season (November
to April), as heavy tropical downpours can quickly make dirt roads impassable.
In the remotest parts of Australia fuel sellers are located hundreds of kilometres apart,
so spare fuel must be carried or refuelling spots calculated carefully in order not to
run out of fuel in between towns.
In addition, multiple trailer trucks (known as Road Trains) traverse these roads and extreme
care must be taken when around these vehicles, due to their weight, length (often three full
trailers long) and amount of dust thrown up by over 46 tyres.
The Stuart Highway runs from north to south through the centre of the continent, roughly
paralleled by the Adelaide–Darwin railway.
There is a proposal to develop some of the roads running from the south-west to the north-east
to create an all-weather road named the Outback Highway, crossing the continent diagonally
from Laverton, Western Australia (north of Kalgoorlie, through the Northern Territory
to Winton, in Queensland.
Air transport is relied on for mail delivery in some areas, owing to sparse settlement
and wet-season road closures.
Most outback mines have an airstrip and many have a fly-in fly-out workforce.
Most outback sheep stations and cattle stations have an airstrip and quite a few have their
own light plane.
Medical and ambulance services are provided by the Royal Flying Doctor Service.
The School of the Air is a radio-based school using the RFDS radios.
Visitors to the outback often drive their own or rented vehicles, or take organised
tours.
Travel through remote areas on main roads is easily done and requires no planning.
However travel through very remote areas, on isolated tracks, requires planning and
a suitable, reliable vehicle (usually a four-wheel drive).
On very remote routes considerable supplies and equipment may be required; this can include
prearranged caches.
It is not advisable to travel into these especially remote areas with a single vehicle, unless
fully equipped with good communication technology (e.g. a satellite phone, EPIRB etc.).
Many visitors prefer to travel in these areas in a convoy.
Deaths of tourists and locals becoming stranded on outback trips occasionally occur, sometimes
because insufficient water and food supplies were taken, or because people have walked
away from their vehicle in search of help.
Travellers through very remote areas should always inform a reliable person of their route
and expected destination arrival time, and remember that a vehicle is much easier to
locate in an aerial search, than a person, so in the event of a breakdown, they must
not leave their vehicle.
== See also ==
Australian landmarks Central Australia
Channel Country Australian outback literature of the 20th
century