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The islamic prophet muhammad had initially few followers in number but in the first part of the seventh century
Things will change rapidly and his campaigns will ensure the start of the islamic religion
Mohammad united the tribes under the constitution of Medina in December
629 after 8 years of fighting with mekin tribes
Hukumat gathered an army of 10,000 and entered on the city of Mecca when he died
It's believed that most of Arabia converted or embraced Islam
The rashidun caliphate was the first of the four arab caliphates which existed after the death of the islamic prophet
The Empire was ruled by successors all caliphs when Muhammad died in 632
The next part of the early Islamic period will be ruled by the rashidun in this time the new religion
Expanded the rashidun collapsed and umayyad caliphate was established in
661 the Umayyads continued the muslim conquests and at its peak it was one of the largest empires
in the history, the dynasty was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the opposites in
750 the cliffs of this empire were arabs
And it's believed that they were descendant from Abbas in Abdul Mutallab
One of the youngest uncle's of Muhammad
So it was still an Arab Islamic empire but a dynasty changed we can often cities in history
The Abbasid period is often considered the Islamic Golden Age
the Muslim world became a center of science development and
Education having this geographical position both Muslim and non-muslim
scholars, so to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic this dynasty had many caliphs all
Safar was the first caliph the second one al masud who changed the capital to their own City
Which became MCDOT he was followed by
Almaty al-hadi Harun al-rashid
Al-amin who was killed in?
813 during the civil war with his brother al
Mamoon who stayed as the seventh caliph of the Empire during his reign alchemy category astronomy and trade
developed Alma moons relations with Abbas on times were marked by huge efforts in the
translation of Greek philosophy and science the Caliph gathered scholars of many
religions at Baghdad whom he treated with tolerance
he sent an emissary to the Besant and Empire to collect the most famous manuscripts death and
Had him translated into Arabic and he even managed to win against some rebellions
There are more to talk about him and about other caliphs, but this is a topic for another video
On ninth of August 8 33 c e al Mamoon died
Usually but someone like him a powerful and stable of war you'd expect his son to succeed him
His son was indeed a great military commander
He had the competency
But he didn't succeed al Mamoon
Al Mamoon was instead
Succeeded by his brother who came to be known as a Molson and there was one reason behind this the Turkic mercenaries
During armaments rain on multi-sim had been in control of a private army of Turkic nomads from the Eurasian steps
Al Mamoon had used them in various military campaigns while the biggest advantages that the mercenaries had was that they were loyal to gold
So they could help tip the balance of power in the Empire in the caliphs favor
The Caliph didn't have to rely on his vassals anymore
It was because of this force that our multi-sim took control of the empire after his father's death
This probably looked like a good idea at the time a similar thing has been tried throughout history and it has worked exactly zero times
because those mercenaries
usually come to the realization that the emperor needs the mercenaries more than the mercenaries need the Emperor the Turks started taking over the
Establishment this broke up into many conflicts with the author ambassador bureaucracy and Al multi-sim even founded a new city
Samara and took his Turkic establishment there Turkic influence kept growing even after almost since death in
842 C alum of the walk girl tried to get rid of them
He even had two of the most powerful Turkic generals arrested
But the Turks along with his son who was angry at not being the heir apparent
Plotted his assassination and eventually killed him in 861 see this was effectively the end of AB acid power
From then on all Abbasid caliphs were puppets of one Turk in general or the other this period is known as the anarchy of Samarra
Eventually Al Motta Waka's grandson did move the capital back to Bach thought but it didn't change much the cancer that Al multi-sim had exposed
kalfa to had completely taken over all aspects of the empire a position of Amira Amara or commander in chief was
Established for the Turks the ambassadors continue to lose territory the lost all of Arabia which broke up into various tribal entities
they lost Egypt which was taken by the Tao and it their former vassals their clients spotted in Persia, or
Overthrown by the safar ins who even threatened both odd itself Syria broke up into independent entities early on but was later
Cannibalized by the Egyptian dominance the Ambassador shrunk to a quarter of its size than 50 years
There was a brief period of recovery from 892 ze to around
904 see who managed to bring quite a bit of former ambassador land back into their control
however
The Empire was internally plagued by the same issues discontent among the log of local dynasties was growing
During the next 40 years the middle amara kept installing and opposing killers a Bassets kept losing and gaining territory
Instability was it at its worst the Caliphate even alternated twice between the same two key ellipse for a while former
ambassadors that paid lip service to the Ambassador kept growing in control eventually in 945 see a dynasty from de la
Defeated the Ambassador army under the command of to jean de middle o Mara and March unbothered
For the first time in 300 years the Caliph was a vassal of another roller
The poet's replaced the Turkic as the puppet masters
They became the protectors or Sultana of the Caliphate the Caliph usually kept control over the capital city of Baghdad
This was usually done with the help of a certain group of ruffians called I our own these were class of warriors
which served as local gangs taking advantage of the increased instability due to the sheer Sunni tensions these
Sunni tensions had been fueled by the rise of the fundaments in Egypt and North Africa by 970
See they had taken over Egypt making a Cairo their capital a lot of people in the Ambassador realm had sympathies for Shias
Also, the poet's were Shia themselves at this point the shears weren't exactly an entirely different sect as it is now
It was mostly just a political division the food systems themselves weren't very different
It was been nothing out of the usual except the Fatima
this also called themselves Kahless the rightful ones since Shias believed the Caliphate should have stayed in Ali's descendants and
The Fatima's claimed descent from Ali and his wife fatima vomits from whom they got their name
The shiaa caliphate was doing great at a time. The Sunni one wasn't declined
So naturally a lot of people were starting to align their sympathies with the Shia killeth
So the Abbasid caliph al carded published the box Ottoman efest
Oh
It was basically like a mini medieval birther movement the kill if God many
Genealogist and scholars to prove that the fragments were indeed not font of us descendants, but rather in a shocking twist
Or descendants of a Jew which were considered an enemy of Islam itself. Meanwhile, the fragments were like, I'm sorry
I can't hear you over the sound of my armies conquered Syria and Palestine
meanwhile in the year 1040 see an re use turkey clan from the Eurasian steps had just defeated the ghaznavids in the Battle of
Thumpin Aachen in 1055 C dollar debate captured both odd from the poets some say on the request of the opacity killer himself
Though who based brother Charlie be married his daughter hot on Khadija to the Caliph
This was done in the hopes that the Caliphate and the Sultanate would emerge through their son
This didn't work out and their Sultana later tried the same with his daughter
But that didn't work out either
Things were pretty good over the next four years the Caliph ran the religion and the soldiers ran the Empire
It was a pretty good partnership except the Seljuks had just started kicking the byzantine gates in 1071
See ala porcelain defeated the Byzantines with basically no effort at the Battle of manciple
The Byzantines couldn't resist the Turks anymore
turkic tribes started settling in the previously Byzantine region of Anatolia Byzantine Emperor Alexios
Called on the Catholic Church to help curb the Muslim expansion and in 1095 see Pope Urban in the Council of Clermont
declared a crusade Deus vult
God Felson as you might expect the Muslim Pope the Caliph
Suddenly had a relevance boost when he helped rally the Sunnis to the cause of defending the Holy Land
Well more Anatolia to the Holy Land in 1099. See Jerusalem fell to the Crusaders
over the next fifty years the relationship between the ambassador and the seljuqs fell apart because the Sultan's thought the a passes for
Interfering too much in matters of the state the Empire itself
Wasn't stable many princes and other Turkic dynasties around the Empire were contending for the crow
It was a time for the ambassador to take advantage of this in 1125 c e al moustache
It wasn't powerful enough to build an army and repel
However is rebellion didn't go for they met the Seljuks right outside both odd and were defeated and moustache
It was put under house arrest his son
similarly was hostile to the soldiers so much so that they deposed him and he fled to Isfahan and was killed by the
assassins on the way there finally in
1157 Al Motta fee once again declared independence this time
He was able to fight back and defend his realm freeing it from the soldiers after 200 years of occupancy by foreign powers the Ambassador
Independent over the next 50 years the Abbasid caliph had managed to secure most of Iraq
however
the most thread the Kal that had ever faced it was coming a force unlike any the world had ever seen took over most of
Eurasia by 1227 see the year of Genghis Khan or Ginga sconce death. The Mongols were standing on the gates of Persia
They had taken over most of China the Eurasian steps
Horison and even Persia they had defeated the once-mighty Horace. Myth empire that had felled the vacuum left behind for the soldiers in 1258
See Allah go far laid siege to back thought the heartland of the Islamic Golden Age
Allah who had demanded submission from the Caliph which the Calif ill-advisedly
Refused Allah who sought to make an example out of the Caliph for this insolence according to some sources
Almost awesome didn't think it was an invasion and rather just another raiding party many of which the Calvin had pushed back on
January 29th
The siege of bethought began the Calif reportedly neglected to put a proper force together
Reinforced his city's defenses. Not that I would have made any difference
According to some sources Laughlin asked for all of the city's elite the rest are cracy the scholars the engineers and the bureaucracy
All of them to come outside city for negotiation as around 3,000 of cities elites went for negotiations
They were all murdered On February 10th, the city surrendered the Mongols went on to Massacre the city and its population some
200,000 to 800,000 or maybe even a million people were killed
the stench of the dead bodies was so bad that how
Who didn't stay in the city for long?
The survivor said that the waters of the Tigris ran black with ink from the enormous
Quantities of books and flung into the river and read from the blood of the scientists and philosophers killed the city was so thoroughly
Destroyed that even today no signs of the core city the circular city of peace have been found
The Caliph was killed the mongols feared spilling royal blood so he was rolled up in a carpet
And trampled by horses the end of the ambassador's in båstad
However, one of the Abbasid princes was given refuge by the Egyptian Mamluks
He and his descendants now the title of the kill only in name for the next 300 years
in
1517 seee the Ottoman Sultan Selim II ava's
Invaded Egypt and took the title of the Caliph for himself. Almost a millennia after Muhammad's death
The title of the Caliph went to someone outside Muhammad's tribe keresh
See you next time
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