﻿Robots Evolution 1942 - 2022 | SECRET FOOTAGE LEAKED
The history of robotics stretches from Greek philosopher Aristotle's ideas about automated
tools, all the way through to Henry Ford's Model T assembly line and beyond. We're still
far off seeing robots of the like depicted in films such as Ex Machina (or even I, Robot),
but the field of robotics and AI is constantly evolving, with new milestones
being reached all the time. Keep watching! Hi! My name is Alex and welcome to Al News Daily.
In this video, we bring you a refresher on some of the biggest landmarks in the
development of robotics up until the present day! Don't forget to subscribe and turn on
the notifications. Let's get started! 1942 - Isaac Azimov’s Three Laws for Robotics
Our concept of robots as humanoids originates in science fiction, namely that of American
author Isaac Asimov. His Three Laws of Robotics were codified in 1942, and state:
* A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
* A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would
conflict with the First Law. * A robot must protect its own
existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
1943 - Introduction of Neural Networks Artificial neural networks (based on the neural
networks in the human brain) are computing systems designed to simulate the way the human
brain processes information. So far so high tech, but these elements - crucial to the most advanced
AI today - are actually based on a mathematical formula published in 1943. Written by Warren
McCulloch and Walter Pitts, the paper, entitled “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous
Activity," couldn't have been more revolutionary in the development of computer science.
The first neural network was developed in 1951 by Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds. Named SNARC
(the Stochastic Neural Analog Reinforcement Computer), it was made from vacuum tubes,
motors and clutches and was tasked with helping a virtual rat solve a puzzle.
1948 - Walter's 'Turtle' Robots William Grey Walter developed what are
considered the first electronic autonomous robots called machina speculatrix.
The turtle-like robots were named Elmer and Elsie and were capable of way-finding to reach
a charging station when their battery levels were low. Walter's work paved the way for BEAM
(Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics) robotics, which do not require the computation
power of a microprocessor. 1950 - The Turing Test
This was followed, in 1950, by Alan Turing's eponymous test. This asks:
"Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the imitation game?"
The imitation game is the basis for the Turing test and depends on the human ability to judge
if a computer is human or not based on verbal reasoning. Despite the test being criticised for
its simplicity, it has become influential in the way we think about artificial intelligence.
1954 - George Devol Files for Unimate Patent Norman Heroux, George Devol and Joe Engleberger
designed and marketed the first programmable robot arm - called Unimate - and sold it
to General Motors in 1960. This paved the way for industrial robots to complete repetitive,
difficult or dangerous tasks. 1966 - The First Incarnation of Siri - ELIZA
Today, we find chatting to natural language processing programmes like Alexa and Siri a part
of everyday life. But back in the '60s, voice assistants were a little more revolutionary.
ELIZA was one of the first of these, created by a professor at the MIT Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory between the years 1964 and 1966. The programme could carry out a conversation
via text by following a 'script' that directed it on how to respond.
1966 - Shakey The Robot "Shakey" the robot was designed by
the Stanford Research Institute between 1966 and 1972 and was a landmark in robotics due to its
blending of hardware and software so that it could perceive its surroundings. Shakey brought robots
into the public consciousness after receiving wide-ranging media attention.
1969 - NASA Lands on the Moon
NASA used cutting edge computing and robotics technology to land humans on the moon for
the first time in 1969. 1977 - Star Wars Release
George Lucas popularised humanoid robots with the release of Star Wars: A New Hope
and the creation of two of the most famous robots to date: R2-D2 and C-3PO.
1996 - Deep Blue Defeats Garry Kasparov at Chess
In May 1997 IBM's robot Deep Blue beat the world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a match. It had
beaten Kasparov in a single game in 1996. 2003 - NASA’s Twin Robotic Rovers
As part of their mission to explore Mars, NASA launched twin robotic rovers on June 10 and July
7, 2003 called Spirit and Sojourner. 2004 - IBM Begins Working on Watson
IBM starts work on Watson, its next iteration on Deep Blue. Watson made headlines in 2008 when
it defeated humans at the quiz show Jeopardy! which requires complex understanding of natural
language. Watson defeated former champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in 2011.
2015 - Robot Demonstrates Self-Awareness In 2015, a (frankly adorable) robot demonstrated
self-awareness in a 'wise-men' logic puzzle. In the version of the puzzle used with the robots,
all three robots were programmed to believe that two of them had received a "dumbing pill",
making them mute. When the experimenter asked them which of them hadn't taken the dumbing pill,
one robot said "I don't know" out loud. After hearing itself speak, however,
it quickly changes its answer, as it realizes that it has not received the pill. The robot's
behavior demonstrates that it recognises itself as a separate entity from the other two robots,
and therefore indicates a certain level of self-awareness. This task was previously
used as a 'sifting test' to discern a human from a robot, because up until this point,
robots hadn't been able to pass it. 2016 - AlphaGo Defeats Lee Sedol at Go
On March 15 2016 AlphaGo, an AI system built by UK company DeepMind, defeated the world champion
Lee Sedol at the ancient board game Go. This was a major milestone for DeepMind's research into
creating artificial intelligence that can 'learn' how to solve problems regardless of the context,
unlike Deep Blue which is programmed for a specific use case.
2017 - AlphaGo Zero learns Go in three days with no help
A newer version of AlphaGo, AlphaGo Zero, learned to play Go by itself in just three
days after only being told the rules. This is exciting because it indicates that AI
can create knowledge on its own with very little human direction. And this has much more valuable
applications than beating humans at board games. Right now, the programme is tasked
with working out how proteins fold, a finding that could revolutionise drug discovery.
2022 - And Beyond! For the past sixty years,
we've had physically highly capable robots. However, they just weren't that smart. So
these physically highly capable robots ended up constrained to factories -- mostly car and
electronics factories -- where they were trusted to execute carefully pre-programmed motions.
These robots are very reliable at doing the same thing over and over. They create value,
but it's barely scratching the surface of what robots could do with better intelligence.
The quiet revolution is occurring in the area of artificial intelligence (AI) Robotics. AI robots
are empowered with sophisticated AI models and vision. They can see, learn, and react to make the
right decision based on the current situation. Popular coverage of robotics trends towards
home-butler style robots and self-driving cars because they're very relatable to our everyday
lives. Meanwhile, AI Robotics is taking off in areas of our world that are less visible but
critical to our livelihoods -- think e-commerce fulfillment centers and warehouses,
farms, hospitals, recycling centers. All areas with a big impact on our lives,
but not activities that the average person is seeing or directly interacting with daily.
With that, we end this video. Consider subscribing to join in on our future content!