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A team of scientists on Earth have made a surprising
and perhaps a very significant discovery on the Sun's magnetic field.
The scientists were utilizing a solar telescope to study the Sun's corona,
and through good-fortune were able to observe and analyze
an exceptionally powerful solar flare.
The team focused on estimating the magnetic field strength
of features called coronal loops,
which are glowing arcs of electrified plasma.
What they found is that the coronal loops' magnetic field
is ten times stronger than solar physicists had previously thought.
The lead investigator of the study stated,
"This is the first time we have been able to measure accurately
the magnetic field of the coronal loops,
the building blocks of the sun's magnetic corona, with such a level of accuracy."
However, the description of coronal loops as
"building blocks" of the Sun's magnetic corona
reveals enduring beliefs about the Sun and its magnetism
that may demand reassessment.
Today, retired professor of electrical engineering Dr. Donald Scott,
author of the book 'The Electric Sky'
shares his analysis of the real processes behind the Sun's magnetic field,
based on the Electric Sun model.
In regard to that that press release about the Sun's magnetic field
being measured as 10 times stronger than what they thought before,
I think that's, that's very good.
That's very, I'm very encouraged that they are measuring magnetic fields on the Sun.
The lead investigator, Dr. Kuridze, I believe it is, said,
"Everything that happens in the Sun's outer atmosphere
is dominated by the magnetic field,
but we have very few measurements of its strength and spatial characteristics.
This is the first time we have been able to measure accurately the magnetic field
of the coronal loops", that's important,
"the building blocks of the Sun's magnetic corona, with such a level of accuracy."
So he says that the coronal loops are the building blocks of the Sun's magnetic corona.
Well, that's just not so.
For several reasons.
If the astrophysicists have little or no knowledge about how magnetic fields
are created within the Sun to start with,
then it's, there's a little doubt, there's a little surprise on our part
as to why they are always surprised by what they measure.
In any event, the corona is mainly an electrical phenomenon.
It's an electrically driven plasma
and it's not primarily a magnetic one.
There may be some magnetic fields within it,
but the corona is mainly an electrical phenomenon and
astrophysicists have gone right to the precipice
of allowing their theories to incorporate magnetic fields - magnetism
but not electrical ones.
Well, Hannes Alfvén pointed out a long time ago that
the coronal loops are examples of an electric plasma discharge
and he pointed out that these loops are inherently unstable
because they incorporate or can incorporate a magnetic electrical structure
called a double-layer.
And I said magnetic, it happens within a plasma
and so there is a magnetic field within that plasma
but the double-layer itself is primarily an electrical phenomenon.
And the whole idea is that the double-layer is,
can be, it tends to be at times unstable and it can explode,
and that the explosion of that double layer in that prominence, in that loop,
is what gives rise to what we now call coronal mass ejections.
The material of which the loop is made, plasma
is spewed out just like it would be from any other explosions into space.
But anyway, astrophysicists have now seized upon the idea
that anything they can't fully explain was to be due to magnetic fields.
So for example, if you ask an astrophysicist
what causes sunspots?
They'll usually answer something to the effect that
the sunspots are cooler than the photospheric surface around them.
Well, why is that?
The typical standard answer is that
well, the Sun's magnetic fields sometimes gets twisted.
Over time all that messy an uneven twisting movement
distorts the Sun's main magnetic field in the same way that your bedsheets get wrinkled
and bunched up when you toss and turn in your sleep.
I kid you, not that I actually read those words in a recent press release.
Then they go on to say, sunspots are cooler areas of intense magnetism.
Oh, say that again? Cooler areas of intense magnetism.
So intense that they inhibit the flow of hot gases from the Sun's interior to its surface
and that's their explanation of what causes sunspots.
That the magnetism has stopped the flow of hot gases,
and having presented that as a well-established fact
they immediately move on to the discussion of what they see the sunspots doing.
But wait a minute!
Since when does magnetism push gas around or inhibit its movement?
Can we move or halt gas flow by putting a bar magnet at its path?
No, of course not.
But without explanation for their assertion they continue; quote,
"The bunched up spots ... have so much magnetic power
that they push back the hot gases beneath them
and prevent the heat from rising directly to the surface.
And so, that supposedly causes a cool sunspot to occur.
If you're, I asked for example, what causes thunderstorms?
The answer is not clouds.
It's much more complicated than that
and that's the kind of level of explanation that we're getting about sunspots.
It's that magnetism cools things down.
Anyway, several years ago, Stanford University announced that they had been studying
what they called flows below the surface of the Sun.
They discovered jet streams or what they called rivers of hot electrically charged gas;
OK, translation -- plasma;
flowing beneath the surface of the Sun.
They also found features similar to trade winds
that transport gas beneath the Sun's fiery surface.
Well obviously, rivers of plasma are rivers of electrical charges
and that is by definition an electric current.
And currents cause magnetic fields.
So it doesn't take much of a leap of imagination to realize that flows of charge
within the Sun currents
are what cause these magnetic fields.
That's why the magnetic fields exist in the first place.
Well anyway, seeing their work, seeing the work that the Stanford people did,
I began to think about, I hate to use that word flows of gas and that sort of stuff,
so I said well, let's put the real language on there.
If we label that with currents,
how could those currents result in what we see on the surface of the Sun?
These magnetic loops.
Well, I realize I have a picture there you can put on,
that is in my book, that's my picture.
I'm very proud that other people have borrowed it and use it from time to time
and I've seen it several times in other people's papers.
And that's great,
but I want to emphasize that is only my idea, my supposition
of what might be going on within the Sun.
I think it explains the magnetic loops sufficiently.
Now is this the only arrangement of currents
and magnetic fields within the Sun that can cause these?
No, of course not.
But it is one of the possibilities.
So if you take a look at that picture,
you can see that entering down into the North Pole of the Sun
and entering up into the South Pole of the Sun,
I have labeled there the main current and it's increasing in strength.
OK well, let's presume, you know, there is a sunspot cycle, 11-year sunspot cycle,
actually the whole cycle takes 22 years,
but it's, half of it is up on the upswing and half of it is on the downswing.
And so, during the part of that cycle,
which is the active Sun is growing,
I don't know but I think it's possible,
what we're seeing is that the main current into the poles,
those red currents, are increasing in strength.
So I've labeled the diagram 'increasing in strength',
and as a result if you use the right hand rule, you know,
put your thumb in the direction of the current,
and let your fingers show you where the magnetic field is going to be,
you can see that there circulating around those main incoming currents
are some magnetic fields.
I think they've done them in blue there.
And also if the current is increasing, the magnetic field is increasing in strength.
And so, if we go down, proceed down into the Sun,
these four concentric circles are there to show that
those magnetic fields are increasing in strength.
Well, transformers. Every transformer on Earth
relies on what's called transformer action
and that's what we're seeing here,
is that if the current is increasing in the transformer magnetic core,
the magnetic field is increasing
and there is that magnetic core links an output winding in a transformer,
and here there is no magnetic core,
but there is the possibility of magnetic field being inside the Sun.
And the Sun inside the Sun is a plasma.
And a plasma is conductive.
And so therefore the plasma which links those increasing blue circles, they are
those increasing magnetic fields,
there's a possibility for current to be formed
by the changing strength of that magnetic field.
So let me say that again.
One of the basic rules of electrical science is that
if there's a conducting path through a magnetic field
and the magnetic field is changing,
in this case increasing in strength,
there will be induced in that conductor, a current,
a secondary current.
And you can see, I've sketched it lightly but I've labeled it secondary current.
So that's the main input current, it's the primary winding,
and the secondary current is the output winding, of a solar transformer, if you will.
Now if you look at that, there's light little secondary currents.
If you put your thumb in the direction of that secondary current,
your fingers will be in the direction of a magnetic field
which is produced, which is the result of those secondary currents.
So very lightly there in the northeast quadrant, I've shown a magnetic loop
created by that secondary current.
Well, we've observed for years
the fact that these magnetic loops do indeed come from sunspots.
And where the magnetic field leaves the Sun, that's by definition a North Pole,
and where it enters the Sun, that's by definition a South Pole.
And if you look and compare what happens in the North hemisphere with the South hemisphere,
you see that if going from, let's say, east to west in the north,
you get a North Magnetic Pole and then a South Magnetic Pole.
And if you go from east to west in the southern hemisphere,
the first thing you come upon is the South Magnetic Pole
and then you come upon the North Magnetic Pole.
And so as the sunspot cycle goes on,
these magnetic loops, these coronal loops,
they change their location and latitude. In the other half of the cycle,
those north-south pole positions reverse.
And so this, I claim, is a possible model
that explains several things.
One thing that is certainly consistent with reality of these two,
the way these North Pole and South Pole configurations
and the magnetic loops change around.
Also that main current, you can see it coming out at the equator,
I labeled it, main current increasing in strength.
That's a well-known current sheet.
In one of the press releases they say,
"When solar physicists talk about solar field reversals,
their conversation often centers on the 'current sheet'."
That's the only time they actually mention current but they do at that time.
"The current sheet is a sprawling surface jutting outward from the sun's equator
where the sun's slowly rotating magnetic field induces an electric current."
Huh? The magnetic field induces an electric current!
Yeah well, the magnetic fields can induce electric currents
but I suspect and suggest to you at this point,
what's going on here is that that current is producing the magnetic field.
That's just the reverse of what's actually, what they say is going on.
I think it's actually what's going on.
But anyway, when you see a picture of a coronal loop,
that's not a magnetic field you're looking at.
Magnetic fields are invisible.
They're invisible to the human eye.
What we can see is electrically excited glow- or arc-mode current,
plasma forming those loops.
The plasma is coincidental with the way the magnetic field is moving
and certainly with the directions the current is moving.
Mainstream physicists try to avoid explaining
how the Sun's magnetic field gets formed in the first place.
Electric currents which are the only cause of magnetic fields,
they don't come from anyplace else,
they don't come by mixing gases or anything else.
They're coming from, they're caused by electric currents.
They're almost never mentioned,
with one or two exceptions like this current sheet
that comes out of this equator of the Sun.
Magnetic fields don't get twisted up
and they don't cool things down
unless they're, and they don't move unless their formative currents produced that movement.
They certainly are not able to modify sunspots.
They're the results of an electric process that creates them.
Anyway, it's good to be able to measure solar magnetic field strengths
and I'm very happy that these people have done that
and with increased accuracy, that's wonderful.
But it's kind of like improving the accuracy of measuring exact length of an elephant's tail
while ignoring the rest of the animal.