Welcome to Impact Factor, your weekly dose of commentary on a new medical study.
I’m Dr. F. Perry Wilson of the Yale School of Medicine.
This week – we consider a question that has plagued humankind for ages: why am I spending
my time running clinical trials of digital health technologies when I could be smoking
people up in Denmark and setting them on the highway to see how straight they drive?
I have been beaten to the punch, unfortunately, by this study which is really an elegant approach
to quantifying how much driving is impaired by marijuana.
The thing that makes marijuana tricky to study, aside from the fact that the controlled substances
act still ridiculously has it as a schedule 1 agent – is that it’s not just one thing.
There are two major psychoactive chemicals in cannabis – tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
and cannabidiol (CBD).
You’ll know CBD from that store that opened up on your drive to work with a clever name
like “The High Life” or “Planet of the Vapes”.
To test how these chemicals affect driving, researchers from the Netherlands conducted
a within-participant crossover trial.
What that means is that each individual (26 total were enrolled) experienced all four
of the following experimental scenarios, administered via vape pen.
-Placebo Cannabis -13.75 mg THC
-13.75 mg CBD Or a 13.75mg mixture of 50% THC and 50% CBD.
That last is to examine some claims that the effects of CBD may somehow decrease the effects
of THC.
Now, to test how well people drive under the influence, you could put them into some kind
of cool video game simulation.
But not these researchers.
No, they conducted a real-world driving test – 100 km on the roads around Maastricht.
There was a driving instructor in the car with a separate set of controls if things
got dicey.
The primary outcome?
Standard deviation of lateral position.
Basically, a measure of how much you swerve while driving.
A camera mounted on top of the car measured how far from the lane line the individual
was 4 times every second.
Most people stay about 50 cms away from the lane line – but that varies a bit depending
on how swervy you go.
At a blood alcohol content of 0.05%, just under the federal limit – swerviness increases
by about 2.4cm.
Remember that now.
OK on to the results.
When individuals vaped the THC, they were more swervy than when they vaped placebo.
CBD didn’t have much of an effect and the mix of THC and CBD looked pretty much like
THC.
After the first 100 minutes of driving, the scores all equaled out.
By and large, people knew they were impaired – scores on a self-assessment of driving
ability tended to parallel the swerviness results.
There’s one thing we can conclude from this, and a bunch of things we definitely can’t.
The thing we can conclude is that THC leads to levels of driving impairment that are similar
to what we see with alcohol intoxication.
But we can’t conclude that the impairment goes away after 100 minutes, or that CBD won’t
have similar effects – because the doses used in this study – 13.75mg are really
pretty small.
Which, of course, they would have to be because these people were driving on real roads.
A typical marijuana cigarette - what the kids call a “joint” – contains about 10 times
the dose of THC given in this study.
I can buy gummy bears on amazon with twice the CBD dose this study provided.
Which is all to say, that we are a long way from saying CBD is safe, or that the negative
effects of THC wear off quickly.
To be fair, how swervy you drive is not the only measure of dangerous driving.
People under the influence of alcohol may make other bad choices while driving – speeding,
dangerous lane changes, etc – that people under the influence of THC may not.
In fact, speed and variance of speed were no different in the groups in this trial.
Nevertheless, for now, DUI is still DUI, regardless of which influence you are under.
If you live in one of the several states that have now legalized recreational marijuana,
if you partake stay home with some snacks and a rug that really ties the room together.