Transcriber: Adam Authier Reviewer: Denise RQ
You may have absolutely no idea what I'm about to talk about,
but as soon as I throw up something like this,
you're probably all thinking, "Oh, he's going to talk about terrorism."
You're right, I am,
but hopefully, I'm going to do it in a slightly different way
and get you to think about some things
that you may not have thought about before,
particularly with regard to the way
we react to the threat of a terrorist attack.
This sort of image and this event is one of the images of the 21st century.
I think, when we talk about terrorism,
the reason a lot of people think of images like this
is not just because this was such a huge attack,
but also because this was the moment that we, in the Western world went,
"The problems over there can come and visit us over here."
Western states had dealt with issues of terrorism before,
but basically, it had always been homegrown terrorists
they were dealing with,
and this is a situation
where the problems over in that part of the world suddenly came home;
in this case, to the United States.
I want to get you to think about our response to this sort of attack,
and our response to terrorism in general.
It's actually surprisingly difficult
to get people to agree on a definition of terrorism
so I hope, as Kofi Annan says,
"We can all agree
that any deliberate attack on innocent civilians,
regardless of one's cause,
is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."
That's actually what I'm going to be talking about.
We all worry about the threat of terrorism,
we all think about what sort of response is appropriate to these threats,
and we all worry about what might happen if we had a terrorist attack here.
Then we hear about terrorist attacks going on around the world,
we see images of terrorist attacks, we think about terrorism,
and we get this idea in our heads - a not unreasonable idea -
that the people that carry out these attacks are truly awful,
that they're evil.
But what tends to come along with that in our heads
is this idea that because they're evil,
we can, and we must do anything we possibly can
to stop a terrorist attack from occurring where we are.
I think there are a lot of problems with that sort of thought.
There's a lot of risks that come with that sort of thought
that we don't really appreciate.
We often see our governments
talking about the risks of terrorist attack,
and we see them talking about how there's a need
to protect our lives and our security,
that we should all be able to walk safely down the street during the day
and sleep safely in our beds at night.
Obviously, these things are, in fact, really important,
but they're not the only important thing.
I'm sure people in North Korea, for example,
can walk down the streets during the day,
sit in their houses, sleep safely in their beds at night.
They are pretty safe from a terrorist attack there,
but who wants to live in North Korea?
We can see if we look all around the world,
there are places where people are willing to risk
their life, their security, their liberty
to try and secure some of these other rights
that we actually take for granted.
You can see that in the current protests in Hong Kong,
a few years ago in the Arab Spring;
going further back,
to one of the iconic images of the 20th century,
the Tank Man in Beijing
near the Tienanmen Square Protests in 1989.
All these people were willing to risk
their lives, their security, their liberty
to try and secure some of these other rights that we have.
So, it's clear, when we look at things like this,
that our life and our security is not the only important thing,
That's something we need to be keeping in mind
when we're thinking about how we're responding
to the threat of a terrorist attack.
This is a map of all the terrorist attacks
in 2013 all around the world
put together by the Global Terrorism Database.
They, I should say, take a fairly broad view of terrorism,
so there are some events on here that a lot of people might say,
"That doesn't really count as a terrorist attack."
If you look at this map, you can see, from the intensity of some of these things
and the concentration of attacks in various places,
there are places around the world
where terrorism is a really serious, everyday threat.
In Afghanistan, in Pakistan, in Iraq, and so on,
there are lots of terrorist attacks, serious terrorist attacks,
happening all the time.
But then if you look at places
like Europe, North America, Australia, or New Zealand,
suddenly, things start to look a little different.
There aren't many terrorist attacks in these places.
We need to think seriously about what the actual risk is.
We want it to be the case
that there aren't terrorist attacks in these places,
but how do we achieve that?
The way we go about achieving that is actually really important.
How serious is the risk really?
Let's compare the risk of terrorism with some other things.
You're nearly 100 times more likely to drown in your own bathtub
than you are to be killed by a terrorist.
You're eight times more likely to be killed by a lightning strike
than you are to be killed by a terrorist.
Since 2003,
three times as many Australians have been killed
falling out of their own beds
than Australians killed by terrorist attacks anywhere in the world.
(Laughter)
Yes, but we really need to protect ourselves,
so we start to think,
"What about this situation? How do we protect ourselves?
What do we need to do?"
If we're really serious about protecting our lives and our security,
maybe, there are in fact, other things that we should be looking at.
So we've talked about some really extraordinary situations,
but what about really common ones?
You are tens of thousands times more likely to die an early death
from a preventable disease brought on by unhealthy eating
than you are to be killed by a terrorist.
So, if we really want to protect our lives and our security,
if we're really worried about them maybe we should think about this.
If we consider this in the same terms as we're talking about with terrorism,
does that mean we should give police great new powers
to go out and seek out those involved in unhealthy eating?
(Laughter)
To cope with organizations that promote unhealthy eating practices?
That advocate unhealthy eating practices in others?
Should we give police new enforcement powers?
The idea of a fat camp might take on a whole new meaning
if it was located at Guantanamo Bay.
(Laughter)
Of course, if you were doing this,
there might be some police departments
that needed some new internal investigation.
(Laughter)
I'm sure that there are people thinking,
"Yeah, but comparing that to terrorism,
when you're on unhealthy eating, you're hurting yourself,
and terrorists are attacking other people."
Maybe there's something to that, although, if you think about it,
there's lots of parents and caregivers
who give unhealthy foods to those children and others in their care,
but OK, let's look at something else then:
Traffic accidents.
You are 1,000 times more likely to die in a motor vehicle accident
than you are to be killed by a terrorist,
and this is something that does affect everybody.
Anybody from any walk of life might well be killed
in a motor vehicle accident.
If we're serious about life and security,
should be something about this?
There's plenty of evidence that says
reducing speed limits saves lives.
Heaps of evidence here, so why not halve all speed limits
if we're really serious about saving lives?
Why not give police massive enforcement powers,
maybe technology that allows them to track every vehicle
and make sure they're actually complying with these speed limits?
Allow them to target those who are involved in speeding behaviors,
or who might be involved in speeding behaviors,
or who we think may have some involvement
with others who are involved in speeding behaviors.
(Laughter)
I think if we start talking about speeding in the same way
we've been talking about terrorism and the risks involved with speeding
in the same way we talked about the risks of a terrorist attack,
then we maybe start to think there's a problem.
I suggest it's not about our speeding,
but again, about how we think about terrorist attack.
There are lots of quotes that I thought about throwing up here
to help make my point,
but I think, in the end,
the best one that was suggested by one of my daughters
- actually, it comes from "Captain America: The Winter Soldier,"
where one of the villains in that says basically,
"People will fight for their freedom if people try to take it from them,
but if you cause enough trouble,
people will willingly give up their freedom for a more secure world."
That's what we've done with our response to terrorism.
Terrorism is about causing fear,
about causing terror, hence the name,
and you don't even need to kill anybody or hurt anybody
to actually cause fear and terror.
If we talk about it enough, if we worry about it enough,
we do that to ourselves.
We bring in all of these reactions, police powers, security service powers
to try and deal with this problem.
So, we bring in laws that say we'll allow foreign imprisonment without trial,
for massive violations of people's privacy.
Retroactive laws that make it illegal
for people to do things that they already did
that weren't a crime when they did them.
That we allow those people amongst us who are dealing with these problems
to violate the rule of law in various ways.
We have our politicians saying,
"We need to make sure
that we don't let these terrorists steal away
our fundamental rights and freedoms,"
and then we give them up of our own accord as a response to the threat of terrorism.
There is a real threat, certainly, a much greater threat,
in some parts of the world than in others,
and we need to actually respond to that threat,
we need to think about how we'll deal with these situations,
but our response actually needs to be
a calm one, a reasoned one, a well-balanced one,
and it needs to take into account the actual severity of the threat;
it needs to be a realistic approach about that.
Any extreme approach that we take
just builds the fear that we already have and in fact, helps the terrorists.
Thank you.
(Applause)