The great American poet Robert Frost wrote, “Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice.”.
And philosophers and theologians have pondered the end of the world for thousands of years. In
this modern era of science and reason, however, those musings have evolved into the field of
cosmology. But, do modern day cosmologists and physicists yet have an answer for Robert Frost?
This is Unveiled, and today we’re answering the extraordinary question:
What is the ultimate fate of the universe?
Do you need the big questions answered? Are you constantly curious? Then why not subscribe to
Unveiled for more clips like this one? And ring the bell for more thought-provoking content!
For thousands of years, the nature of the universe was the purview of philosophers,
although the debate took many forms. Pythagoras, however, the ancient Greek father of mathematics,
believed that mathematical principles were what governed the universe,
first and foremost. While, elsewhere, the ancient Egyptians created the first 365 day calendar (some
5,000 years ago) based on astronomical observations. In Mesoamerica, Mayan
astronomer-priests also used astronomical observation for an accurate and reliable
calendar setup. Even centuries and millennia ago, then, humankind was
already trying to crunch the data of the stars into something comprehensible on the ground.
Cosmology and physics then arguably began as offshoots of philosophy and theology. And, though
Newton and Kepler were working on universal laws of physics as early as the 1600s, modern cosmology
really turned it up a notch - beginning in 1917, with Einstein’s theory of general relativity
applied to space as a whole. Here is when physicists and mathematicians first truly began to
consider not just how the universe works, but also how it might end. The philosophy of yesteryear was
giving way to theory for the future… and, as it stands, there are five major cosmological
models. The Big Crunch, the Big Bounce, the Big Chill, the Big Rip, and the Big Slurp.
But, given that light takes time to travel through space, we know that whenever astronomers look at
the stars - for whatever reason - they’re also looking backwards in time. So, before they - and
we - can understand the universe’s endgame, we need to understand how it likely came into being.
Working in the early 1900s, Albert Einstein famously believed that light was the single
great universal constant. That it had a fixed speed, and that nothing was faster. Einstein
also believed that space and time were inextricably linked in what he dubbed the
‘space-time continuum.’ For a decade, Einstein worked to incorporate gravity into his models,
which led to his expanded theory of General Relativity. And, again, this is something of
a cornerstone for modern cosmology. One problem with Einstein’s ideas, however,
was his seeming assumption within them that the universe is static and of finite size. Several
years after he published, two other scientists put that assumption to bed - Georges Lemaître and
Alexander Friedmann. Lemaître, in particular, and focusing on the observable movements of nebulae,
concluded that the universe was, in fact, expanding. Working backwards from there, he found
that it may have begun expanding from a singular point, which he then called the Primeval Atom.
Then came Edwin Hubble. Hubble still ranks as one of the most influential scientists of the
twentieth century, as his observations between 1930 and 1960 revolutionized our understanding
of the universe again. He discovered that galaxies, visible via telescope,
appeared to be moving away from each other, confirming Lemaître’s math. But he was also
able to calculate that the universe likely began in a state of extreme density about 13.787 billion
years ago. Then, as it expanded, its density reduced. Today, we call this the Big Bang Model,
still the most widely accepted explanation of the origins of the universe. And,
thanks to Hubble’s discoveries, even Einstein abandoned his notion of a static universe.
So, with the Big Bang as a generally agreed upon starting point, cosmologists now had firm
footing from which they could develop theories for the end of the universe,
too… and questions of shape and substance came into view.
For example, we know that so much about the end of the universe depends on its density.
Since the universe is full of matter, and all that matter exerts gravity on itself… how it behaves is
our guiding principle. In one variation, a high density of matter is the foundation of a closed
universe. Here, it’s predicted that the force of gravity leads to a curved shape in which the rate
of expansion will gradually slow over time. Then, perhaps it would stop altogether, and transition
to contraction, instead. Which would then accelerate, too, gathering speed as all the matter
of the universe grew closer together and the forces of gravity increased. In this scenario, all
of existence will finally collapse into a single point in a mirror image of the original Big Bang.
This is what is known as the Big Crunch model; or ultimate fate of the universe number one.
There is a question that logically follows, though: what happens then? Ultimate fate of the
universe number two is known as the Big Bounce. And the concept is quite simple: the universe is
in a potentially infinite cycle between Big Bang and Big Crunch. Advocates argue that, while we
are observably in a period of expansion right now, it’s possible that we’re not in the first
period of expansion ever to take place. We could, in fact, be at any point in a potentially infinite
sequence of bang-and-crunch universes. We could just as easily be living in universe number five
billion as in universe number one. Perhaps there’s something romantic and almost zen about this
particular model: a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, it’s reincarnation on a universal scale.
Neither the Big Bounce nor the Big Crunch are prevailing theories in cosmology,
however. Since the 1980s, and thanks to rapidly improving technology, scientists
have made major breakthroughs in the observation of the cosmic microwave background - or what’s
often referred to as the afterglow of the Big Bang. Essentially by applying trigonometry,
scientists have perfected how to measure temperature fluctuations in CMB. Which,
in time, has led to another conclusion that the universe appears to have almost no curvature
whatsoever… which, then, would seem to indicate that the universe actually won’t contract,
at all. Instead, a relatively flat universe is likely to expand forever.
This changes the picture somewhat. In an infinitely expanding universe, the rate of that
expansion is what informs ultimate fate of the universe number three. If the rate is constant,
the most likely scenario is known as the Big Chill. A more illustrative name is heat death.
It says that, as celestial bodies and particles spread further and further apart, infinitely so,
the universe will continue (over a very long stretch of time) to cool. Particles and objects
will eventually find themselves too far apart from one another to exert forces upon one another… and
the universe will approach thermodynamic equilibrium at extreme low temperatures.
What does this mean in simple terms? It means that physical and chemical reactions will no longer be
possible. The universe hits maximum entropy. For all intents and purposes, it will have simply died
in a state of frozen, infinite silence. What makes the Big Chill particularly chilling,
however, is that it today ranks as the leading theory of all end-of-the-universe ideas.
Still, more than only the Big Crunch and Bounce, there are other contenders to the mantle. And one
that’s a little closer to the Big Chill, but also quite dramatically different. Because,
if the rate of universal expansion isn’t constant, and also isn’t slowing down,
then that means it’s accelerating. This provides a new basis for another scenario; ultimate fate of
the universe number four - the Big Rip. There have been numerous models and experiments to support
this - including one in 2015, led by a team at Vanderbilt University in the US. In general,
the idea is that dark energy - which theoretically makes up 68% of universal mass - is in constant
battle with gravity. And this is significant to the point of it eventually being fatal. Here,
it’s proposed that universal acceleration will one day push dark energy to a point,
in approximately 22 billion years, where it could literally rip open atoms. At that moment,
everything - from the largest star, to individual particles,
to time itself - would be literally torn to shreds. There’d be nothing left. The
universe will have essentially been stretched and stretched and stretched… until it broke forever.
And yet, our final scenario - while unrelated to all the others - is probably still the most
terrifying of all. While all other possible apocalypses are at least long-term prospects,
occurring billions of years in the future… ultimate fate of the universe number five,
the Big Slurp model, could come to fruition at literally any moment. And, concerningly,
there is science enough to back it up. In short, all systems in physics naturally
move from a state of high energy to a state of lowest possible energy. With quantum fields,
this is called a vacuum state. Kind of like a final destination. But, with one particular
quantum field, the Higgs Field, it alone appears to be in a false vacuum state. It
isn’t at its final destination; there’s change still to be had. Though it presents as stable,
scientists believe it to have attained that stability before reaching its lowest energy
conditions. And if true, this means that it could slip into a true vacuum state at any moment.
It’s heady science, but why does it matter? Well, it matters because it would probably result in
the violent destruction of all or most of the universe - and quickly. Even if just a single,
miniscule point in space collapsed in this way, it’s thought that it would push a rippling bubble
of vacuum decay through and over everything; across the entire universe, ruthlessly cruising
through reality at the speed of light. In truth, nobody knows for sure what would occur inside
that bubble, if it did materialize. It could destroy all matter in existence. Alternatively,
it could completely rewrite the laws of physics and nature as we currently know them. But,
whatever it did, the universe would be so changed, it would be unrecognizable. And, again,
it could theoretically happen at any time. Perhaps before you even finish watching this video!
For now, and just as we’ve always wondered about the beginning of all things, there’s
clearly fascination and foreboding in how it will end. Fire or Ice, a shout or a whisper?
Math and scientific observation have brought us closer than ever to knowing the truth. Currently,
the leading consensus is that it ends in ice, far into the future - most probably via the
Big Chill. But, who knows? Because, on the other hand, there’s some reason to believe that reality
as we know it could be rewritten at any moment. What do you think is most likely to happen?
What do you think? Is there anything we missed? Let us know in the comments, check out these other
clips from Unveiled, and make sure you subscribe and ring the bell for our latest content.