This video will talk about 1st and 2nd generation
robots.
And finally,
what's next in the biomedical field for robots.
Medical robots
had their start in 1985 is industrial robots
and computed medical robots,
were used to insert a probe into the brain for
a biopsy specimen.
A biopsy specimen is when you remove tissue from the
body and it is examined under a microscope
to look at what disease is present.
This procedure was the first robotic surgery that was recorded.
Robotic surgery has allowed doctors to perform,
many different types of complex procedures with a lot more
precision, control and flexibility,
which cannot be done with conventional surgical techniques.
A robotic surgery system has a camera arm and mechanical
arms, which have surgical instruments attached to them.
The surgeon sit at the computer console,
controlling these arms.
Some robots could carry out these procedures by themselves without
the help of the surgeon
were cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration, also
known as the FDA.
One specific robot
I will discuss in detail,
is the Robodoc,
which is the first surgical application using humans for total
hip arthroplasty,
or THA.
THA is also known as Total Hip Replacement and is
a surgical procedure where the damaged cartilage and bone is
removed from the hip and replaced with prosthetic parts.
The Robodoc received FDA approval in 1998.
It has assisted surgeons in more than 24,000
joint replacement procedures,
across many countries such as the United States, Europe,
Japan, Korea and India,
The advantages of using the robotic system during THA surgery
or that it causes less pain and blood loss, quicker
recovery, fewer complications like infections and it results in smaller
and less appearance of scars.
Similar to Robodoc, a few years later,
the computer-assisted surgical planning and Robotics system,
also known as Caspar was developed through
which an industrial robotic arm called Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm
or most commonly referred to as Puma robots,
were created for total hip and knee,
arthroplasty.
Knee arthroplasty is a surgical procedure
that is used to resurface a damaged knee by arthritis.
Although Robodoc is still in operation,
Caspar was discontinued in 2004.
Now let's take a look at the second generation of robots
that use assistive and collaborative approaches.
These robots can carry out their own procedures,
they're not programmed to do so,
instead
they are programmed to follow the surgeons motions
in a master-slave,
configuration. Many surgical robotic systems use this configuration,
where the surgeon uses the joystick controls at the master
console, to direct their movements of the robotic instruments
and these instruments or known as the slave.
These devices are intended to be less invasive during surgery.
Essentially
this only allows for a small incision or an instrument
to be inserted into the body,
which can allow for minimal damage of body tissue.
One specific example of a second-generation robot is called the
Da Vinci surgical robot,
which is a Master Slave system that has the patient
side part with three or four robotic arms and visualization
system and
exclusive instruments,
This robot system
translate the surgeons fingers,
wrist and hand movements into corresponding movements of the instruments
that are positioned inside the patient in real time,
without any tremors.
The surgeon operate sitting down at a console
while viewing the surgical field.
There are many surgical stop assisting and supervising a laparoscopic
arms and tools being used.
The advantages of this robot are intuitive control,
range of motion,
3D visualization of an open surgery,
fine tissue manipulation capabilities,
which will allow the surgeon to work through other tasks,
like making tiny incisions.
Another example of a second-generation robot is the Sensei Robotic
Catheter System,
which is a master-slave system used for interventional
cardiology. Interventional Cardiology specifically deals with catheter-based
treatment for heart diseases.
A catheter is a thin tube
that is a medical device,
which can be inserted into the body to perform surgical
procedures or treat diseases.
This robotic system will allow for accurate positioning, manipulation
and control of catheters during surgery.
This robot system received FDA clearance in May 2007.
So much as the DaVinci, the Sensei
also translates the physician's hand movements as a controller
to control the catheter in the patient's heart.
The future robots seems to have tools that are smaller,
lower-cost considering how expensive they are currently, and developing disposable robots
which are versatile.
Currently
We do have guide
positioning devices,
which are attached to the patient and eliminate patient
immobilization.
Robotic exoskeletons are also being used to assist paralyzed people
to walk and to correct for any malformations. Small robots
may replace traditional endoscopy,
which is a procedure that can allow for one to
examine the interior of an organ or the cavity of
a body and thus small robots can help
to carry out tasks like biopsies or using catheters.
Small robots can be used to travel through blood vessels and thus
radiation therapy can be delivered or even medicine to
a certain site.
Also,
to gather information or patrol.
the digestive system,
robotic capsules can be swallowed.
Robotic nurses
furthermore can be implemented in hospitals to assist or replace
overworked nurses with certain tasks.
The idea of surgical robot came about the higher speed
and accuracy could be achieved during surgery.
For example,
high level of accuracy is really required and necessary
during neurosurgery.
Surgical robots
can also help with receptive tasks to reduce
the amount of surgical error has essentially increasing their surgical
capabilities.
Importantly,
the surgical procedures will be less invasive and have shorter
procedure times,
which would in turn also reduce surgeon fatigue or any
other errors.
However,
it is important to note that many companies have failed
to force
the clinical use of equipment,
that is expensive,
such as Casper,
do the high technical maintenance and support that is required.
Many hospitals are also
hesitant to replace her current existing technology with more
advanced and expensive
surgical robots.
Also the conflict for healthcare workers and surgeons as having more robots
can also result in fewer procedures being carried out and
in turn can also be cost heavy for the hospital.
It's also important to note that the potential risks using
robots can also occur
such as movement latency and mechanical failure.
Robots have come a long way,
and they're many success stories that we've seen from the
surgical robots,
but we're not limited to these only and the future
of Robotics has so much more to offer such as
small, inexpensive and disposable robots with can help deliver greater
value to the healthcare industry. Before surgical robots mature,
there is a lot of work that needs to be
done concerning the development of these tools and methods to
ensure that there are safer procedures that occur using these robots.
We hope the surgery someday can be done without
skin incisions as well and hope that robots will be
helping us with this.