We are very familiar with the idea
that time flows from past to future.
We remember the past,
we make predictions about the future.
We grow older, you stir cream in your coffee
and it mixes up, it doesn't un-mix.
What we refer to as the 'classical' understanding
of the nature of time is still, to this day,
our common sense view, which is that time is absolute.
There's a cosmic clock out there, ticking by the seconds,
minutes, hours, years at the same rate for everyone.
All this directionality to time
comes from a very fundamental idea
in classical physics called the
'second law of thermodynamics,'
which states that a quantity called 'entropy,'
which is a measure of the disorder of a system,
always increases.
Einstein gave us a different view of time.
Einstein was forced-
because of the equations of special relativity
and the nature of the speed of light-
forced to abandon the Newtonian picture of absolute time.
Einstein taught us that time and space are connected.
So for me, a distance between two events
that happen at different times,
I can measure how far apart they are in space,
and how far apart they are in time.
But for someone else traveling past me
at some fraction of the speed of light in a rocket,
they would measure those two events
as being a different distance apart,
and the time between them being different.
We won't agree on distances and time;
space and time is relative.
So suddenly, time becomes something that isn't absolute,
that it ticks by at different rate for different people,
depending on your frame of reference,
and it's malleable and it's stretchable.
And then Einstein follows that up
with his 'general theory of relativity,'
in which he takes it a step further and says,
"What Newton taught us as being this invisible force
of gravity pulling objects together
is really about the shape of space-time."
Gravity has an effect on time.
We will see clocks ticking by at different rates,
depending on where they are in Earth's gravitational field.
So suddenly, in Einstein's world,
time is not something apart from space.
It's something that's integral,
it's part of the fabric of reality itself.
If we zoom into the 'quantum realm'
and you just look at the way the equations
of quantum mechanics evolve in time,
you realize you could run the tape forwards or backwards
and you wouldn't know the difference.
Time in the quantum world is a parameter.
And you say, "Right, if t equals five,
what will the system look like at t equals 10 seconds?"
You can also say, "What was t at zero, or at minus five?"
T is just a number.
We can put a positive, negative value to it,
and run our equations forward and backwards in time
so they're time symmetric-
and that's not the way we experience time in daily life.
The way we see a direction in time
in the quantum world is when we look,
when we make a measurement,
'cause that's when we interfere with the system.
My hunch is that no quantum system is isolated.
All quantum systems are interacting
with their surroundings,
and it's that interaction with surroundings
that gives a direction to time.
It loses its 'quantumness,'
and that's because it's becoming increasingly entangled
with its surroundings.
In the same way that a hot object placed in a freezer
will lose its heat;
it's equilibriating with its surroundings
in terms of temperature.
In the quantum world,
the quantum system is equilibriating
with its surroundings in terms of information exchange.
It'll be hugely profound and exciting
if we can see a direction to time emerging
from the quantum realm-
this new area that we're calling 'quantum thermodynamics.'