- [Instructor] So I have two different
three-dimensional figures here.
I have a pyramid here on the left,
and I have a cone here on the right.
And we know a few things about these two figures.
First of all, they have the exact same height.
So this length right over here is h,
and this length right over here,
going from the peak to the center of the base here,
is h as well.
We also know that the area of the bases is the same.
So for example, in this left pyramid,
the area of the base would be x times,
and let's just assume that it is a square,
so x times x.
So the area here is going to be equal to x squared.
And the area of the base,
so that's area of this base is equal to x squared.
And the area of this base right over here would be equal to
area is equal to pi times r squared.
And I'm saying that these two things are the same.
So we also know that x squared is equal to pi r squared.
Now, my question to you is do these two figures
have the same volume, or is it different?
And if they are different, which one has a larger volume?
Pause this video, and try to think about that.
All right, now let's do this together.
Now, given that we're talking about two figures
that have the same height and at least the area
of the base is the same, you might be thinking
that Cavalieri's principle might be useful.
And just a reminder of what that is,
Cavalieri's principle tells us that if you have two figures,
and we're thinking in three dimension,
three-dimensional version of Cavalieri's principle,
if you have two figures that have the same height
and at any point along that height
the cross-sectional area is the same,
then the figures have the same volume.
So what we need to do is figure out is it true
that at any point in this height
do these figures have the same cross-sectional area?
Well, to think about that,
let's pick an arbitrary point along this height.
And just for simplicity,
let's pick halfway along the height,
although we could do this analysis
at any point along the height.
So halfway along the height there.
Halfway along the height there.
So this distance right over here,
that would be h over two.
This distance right over here would be h over two.
This whole thing is h.
And what we can do is construct
what look like similar triangles,
and we can even prove it to ourselves
that these are similar triangles.
So let me construct them right over here.
And the reason why we know they're similar is
that this line is going to be parallel to this line
and that this line is parallel to that line, to that radius.
And how do we know that?
Well, we're taking cross-sectional areas
that are parallel to the base,
that are parallel to the surface
on which it sits in this situation.
So in either case,
these cross-sections are going to be parallel.
So these lines, which sit in these cross-sections
or sit on the base and sit in the cross-section,
have to be parallel as well.
Well, because these are parallel lines,
this angle is congruent to that angle.
This angle is congruent to this angle.
'Cause these are transversals across parallel lines,
and these are just corresponding angles.
And of course, they share this angle in common.
And here, you see very clearly right angle, right angle.
This angle is congruent to that angle,
and then both triangles share that.
And so this smaller triangle in either case is similar
to the larger triangle.
And what that helps us realize is that the ratio
between corresponding sides is going to be the same.
So if this side is h over two
and the entire height is h,
so this is half of the entire height,
that tells us that this side is going to be half of r.
So this right over here is going to be r over two.
And this side over here, by the same argument,
is going to be x over two.
And so what's the cross-sectional area here?
Well, it's going to be x over two squared.
So it's going to be x over two squared,
which is equal to x squared over four,
which is 1/4 of the base's area,
which is equal to 1/4 of the base's area.
And what about over here?
Well, this cross-sectional area is going to be pi
times r over two squared,
which is the same thing as pi r squared over four,
or we could say that is 1/4 pi r squared,
which is the same thing as 1/4 of the area of the base.
The area of the base is pi r squared.
Now we're saying 1/4 pi r squared.
So this is going to be equal to 1/4 the area.
And we already said that these areas are the same,
and so we've just seen that the cross-sectional area
at that point of the height
of both of these figures is the same.
And you could do that 1/4 along the height,
3/4 along the height.
You're going to get the same exact analysis.
You're gonna have two similar triangles,
and you're going to see that you have the same areas,
same cross-sectional areas at that point of the height.
And so therefore, we see by Cavalieri's principle
in three dimensions that these two figures
have the same volume.
And what's interesting about that is it allows us
to take the formula, which we've proven
and gotten the intuition for in other videos,
for the volume of a pyramid.
We've learned that the volume of a pyramid is equal to 1/3
times base times height.
And say, well, this one must have the exact same volume.
It must also be volume is equal to 1/3
times the area of the base times the height.
Because in both of these cases,
the area of the base is the same,
and the height is the same.
And we know that they have the same volume.