The National Institute of Oceanography, founded on 1 January 1966 as one of 37 constituent
laboratories of the CSIR, is an autonomous research organization in India to undertake
scientific research and studies of special oceanographic features of the Northern Indian
Ocean.
Headquartered in Goa, it has regional centres in Kochi, Mumbai and Vizag.
NIO (oceanography) as well as ASI (archaeology), BSI (botany), FSI (forests), FiSI (fisheries),
GSI (geology), IIEE (ecology), RGCCI (Census of India), SI (cartography) and ZSI (zoology)
are key national survey organisations of India.
== History == By the 1950s the community of oceanographers
around the world had realized that while progress had been made in describing and in understanding
the observed features of the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the Indian Ocean had remained
relatively unexplored.
It was important to address the fundamental oceanographic problems linked to monsoonal
cycles experienced by the northern Indian Ocean; chemical characteristics of the water
column; abundance and distribution of food resources like fish productivity and to understand
the geology of the Indian Ocean through sea bed mapping and sampling.
Areas such as these are important not only to the global community of researchers, but
also to the large population that lives in the countries around the Indian Ocean in general
and the North Indian Ocean in particular.
As a consequence, the global community of oceanographers organized the International
Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) during 1959-65 to describe and understand the basic features
of the Indian Ocean.
The Government of India was an enthusiastic participant in this expedition.
As the IIOE approached its concluding phase, the government decided that the Indians who
participated in the expedition needed to have an institution where they could build on the
oceanographic research skills they picked up during the expedition.
It is out of such considerations that the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) came
into being.
Padma Shri Dr. N.K.Panikkar was appointed Director of this Institute, a post which he
held till he retired in May 1973.
From humble beginnings, NIO has grown in size.
Today, the institute is home to about 170 scientists (sanctioned strength is 200) of
whom about 120 are Ph.D. holders, about 210 technical and supporting staff, and close
to 120 administrative staff.
The staff is spread across four campuses.
The main campus is at Dona Paula, Goa.
About 80% of the staff work here.
NIO has three Regional Centres, which are located in Mumbai, Kochi and Visakhapatnam.
About 20% of NIO staff is located at these centres.
== Research contribution == An example of the dual role is a project on
polymetallic nodules that has been sponsored by the Government of India at the institute
for well over 25 years.
By the late 1970s the government had decided that the country needed to enhance its resources
of minerals of strategic interest.
NIO was given the responsibility of exploring the oceans for this purpose.
On 26 January 1981, NIO hauled up polymetallic nodules from a depth of 4,800 m in the western
Indian Ocean using its first research vessel, RV Gaveshani, which was acquired in 1976.
Subsequently, work by NIO researchers helped India to gain the status of "Pioneer Investor"
from the International Sea Bed Authority.
While this research was aimed at placing the country in a strategically enhanced position,
it also provided the Institute an opportunity to study the marine geology and geophysics
of the Indian Ocean.
Some of the issues they addressed are the following: Evolution of the Indian tectonic
plates and its implications; determination of the time when the Himalayas started rising
leading to monsoonal climate of the Indian subcontinent; nature of mid-ocean ridges (where
new crusts form); characteristics of marine sedimentary facies; the role of rivers on
the Indian subcontinent in marine sediment budget and paleoclimatic evolution as archived
in the sediment cores.
During the first decade and a half of its founding, besides developing its main campus
at Goa, a major project taken up by the Institute was organizing the first Indian Expedition
to Antarctica in 1981.
This project, together with exploration for polymetallic nodules, established close ties
between NIO and the then Department of Ocean Development and subsequently the Ministry
of Earth Sciences, Government of India.
These ties helped the institute to grow while the government expanded the infrastructure
for ocean research, technology and services in the country.
Since the early 1980s, an important theme for basic research in the Institute has been,
and continues to be, understanding oceanographic implications of the special characteristics
of the North Indian basin, which has some unique features: the basin is strictly tropical,
with the Asian landmass restricting it south of about 25 degrees N; it is a relatively
small basin when compared to the North/South Atlantic/Pacific and even the South Indian
Ocean and, of course, there is the seasonality imposed by the monsoons.
In the figure above red areas represent areas with elevation of a few kilometers.
The presence of the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas influences the monsoons.
NIO's scientists have made handsome contributions to understanding the implications of these
special features through observations and analyses.
The former have included ship-based observations, time-series data collected with moored instruments
and satellite data.
ORV Sagar Kanya, which was acquired by the Government of India for use by oceanographic
research institutions in India, has been playing a major role in these observations.
As noted earlier, an important theme of research at NIO has been understanding the oceanography
of the North Indian Ocean – a tropical and small basin driven by strongly seasonal winds.
The uppermost 200 m (oceans are on average about 4000 m deep) form the most active portion
of the ocean.
Here, major currents are forced by winds, and primary producers (microscopic plants
that drift with currents) set the stage for intricate interactions that go across the
traditional boundaries between disciplines, leading to a new discipline, biogeochemistry
of the oceans.
Some of NIO's most cited research contributions have been about two aspects of the upper layer:
its circulation and biogeochemistry.
Currents in this layer are driven by winds.
As these are periodic over the North Indian Ocean, so are the currents, in striking contrast
to other tropical regions of the world.
The link between the winds and currents, however, is rather intricate.
NIO researchers played a leading role in defining the nature of seasonality in the currents
over the basin in general, and along the coast of India in particular.
Subsequent analysis and model studies showed that the circulation of the North Indian Ocean
needs to be looked at holistically across the basin because the winds at a location
influence not only the local current, but affect the current at remote locations at
a later time owing to the propagation of large-scale waves.
For example, it is now known that the winds along the Indian east coast significantly
affect the seasonal cycle of the current off the Indian west coast.
By restricting the North Indian Ocean to south of 25o N, the Asian landmass prevents the
basin from having access to the sub-tropical convergence zone, a region that usually occurs
at a latitude of about 40o and is an important supplier of oxygen to the ocean.
Not having access to such a regime, the North Indian Ocean is starved of oxygen.
Another reason why oxygen is low is the consequence of high concentration of the primary producers
of the region.
When these plants and zooplankton that feed on them die and sink they get microbially
degraded, thus consuming oxygen.
NIO researchers have played a major role in answering critical questions concerning the
processes that go on in this basin with lower than normal oxygen levels.
Some of the questions that have been addressed are the following: Does the monsoon cycle
lead to other seasonal cycles, such as that of biological production and flux of sinking
particles?
What are the special features of biogeochemistry of the ocean regime with low oxygen?
How do the biogeochemical processes (denitrification, for example) that characterize this system
work?
What are the physical processes that sustain high productivity in the region?
How does the monsoon cycle influence temporal evolution of ecosystems in the region?
The research contributions (journal publications, reports, books, etc.) from the Institute that
provide details about the contributions mentioned above are available from the NIO website,
www.nio.org.
NIO's journal publications have shown a robust growth during the last few years.
== Intellectual property == NIO holds about 50 patents (see www.nio.org
for the list), 60% of which has come from marine biotechnology studies.
Organisms living in the marine environment carry molecules that could prove beneficial
in developing new drugs and other products for healthcare.
This is a new area of research that NIO's researchers are pursuing.
Their studies have yielded research publications and intellectual property for the institute.
Another area of research that has generated patents for the institute is marine instrumentation.
Some recent technologies developed by the institute include one for an autonomous underwater
vehicle (AUV): the Maya AUV.
== Services == Wearing the other hat – putting knowledge
to use – NIO researchers have undertaken a number of projects in service of the industry
in India.
One of the first projects taken up by NIO on acquiring its research vessel RV Gaveshani
was demarcation of a pipeline for carrying oil from India's first offshore oil field
at Bombay High.
This project was undertaken at the request of India's public sector organization, the
Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC).
Since then, NIO has carried out a number of projects for India's public sector undertakings
and private enterprises.
The list of NIO's clientele includes major petroleum companies and ports.
NIO's services have been used in the development of coastal areas by Bharuch Eco-Aqua Infrastructure
Ltd., Ankleshwar, and Coastal Marine Construction & Engineering Ltd., Mumbai.
NIO's services have also been sought by central and state governments.
Sponsored and consultancy projects taken up by NIO include Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA), Coastal Zone Management, Resource Surveys, Biofouling & Corrosion studies, and development
of marine instruments.
A problem that has been worrying governments around the world during recent years is the
transfer of organisms from one port to another located far away owing to transfer of water
used by ships for ballast.
Such transfer has been shown to lead sometimes to uncontrolled growth of organisms alien
to the local ecology, which can then wipe out local fisheries.
NIO scientists have played a major role in spreading awareness of the problem in India.
In recognition of their efforts, the Directorate General of Shipping, Government of India,
has sought NIO's help to develop plans for ballast water management in major Indian ports.
== Facilities for research == The NIO Data Centre (NIODC) acquires, processes,
formats and stores data generated by the Institute (from about 1000 cruises during 1973 to 2009)
in a database for easy and efficient retrieval and supply to end users.
Information about data held by NIO can be accessed from http://did.nio.org.
The library of the Institute has a collection of over 35,000 books and bound volumes of
journals is almost certainly the largest such collection in the country in the field of
oceanography.
Besides the print collection, the library has on-line access to over 3,000 journals
either by direct subscription or as a part of a consortium.
Participation of the library in international programmes has made this library a source
of information about Indian oceanographic studies for the rest of the world and also
to network with other, larger libraries to access documents not available in its holdings.
Research at the institute is supported by a large number of well-equipped laboratories
on its campuses and by the seagoing capability offered by its ships.
To support its multi-disciplinary ocean research programmes, the institute plans to maintain
a fleet of three research vessels.
The smallest of these is the 23 m long coastal research vessel CRV Sagar Sukti.
The recently acquired 56.5 m long RV Sindhu Sankalp serves primarily on the continental
margins, but it is capable of open-sea voyages.
NIO's 80 m long research vessel RV Sindhu Sadhana, which will be capable of full open-sea
studies, is under construction at the ABG Shipyard, Surat.
It is expected to join the institute during 2011-12.
The institute has, over time, developed the capability of deploying and retrieving instruments
hoisted over moorings in depths from 5 to 5,000 m.
These instruments record time-series data during the period of deployment, which can
be as long as two years.
== Opportunities to pursue research and doctoral studies ==
To support its varied activities, NIO uses the services of limited-tenure staff, including
doctoral students, project assistants and post-doctoral fellows.
Their numbers have grown significantly with the growth in research programmes.
The largest increase has been in the number of project assistants since CSIR introduced
the "Project Assistant Scheme" to tap the services of fresh graduates for enhancing
the productivity of its institutions.
Hired regularly through walk-in interviews, the fresh graduates are permitted by this
scheme to gain hands-on exposure to oceanographic research.
The graduates also have the option of becoming doctoral students through the Senior Research
Fellow scheme of the Human Resource Development Group (HRDG) of CSIR.
A number of universities have recognized NIO as a centre for doctoral research and about
50 scientists from amongst its staff are at present recognized by these universities as
doctoral research guides.
With the establishment of the Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR),
CSIR's institutions are poised to take major initiatives in advanced education in the country.
NIO's Research Council has recommended that the institute take steps to start a school
of oceanography as early as possible to address the problem of shortage of advanced manpower
in ocean sciences in the country.
The number of Junior Research Fellows, qualified through NET (i.e., the National Eligibility
Test, conducted by CSIR), Senior Research Fellows (selected by HRDG, CSIR) and Project
Assistants who are enrolled for Ph.D. in the Institute is now 80.
Accommodation to doctoral students is usually provided on the Institute's residential campus