Most psychologists agree the best way to have somebody increase empathy is to engage in
something called perspective taking.
Imagining that you’re someone else trying to cognitively and emotionally understand
some event from their perspective.
It’s hard to do that.
Often we don’t have the facts, meaning I don’t know what’s going on through your
mind.
I don’t have an experience of what it’s like to be you.
And it’s also very effortful.
It’s hard to actually imagine what it’s like to be someone else.
And, in fact, when it comes to empathy we’re often thinking about unpleasant things, for
example, what it’s like to be homeless, and the brain doesn’t want to go there.
So VR is a really neat tool because it takes that cognitive effort out.
It increases accuracy so you’re not operating on stereotypes you may have in your mind,
where you can actually experience the life of someone else as that person lives.
Since 2003 I’ve been running experiments that take a person, puts her in virtual reality
and gives her an experience that you couldn’t have in the real world.
This could be being in a different place or it could actually be becoming a different
person.
So the first study we ran was about ageism and we took college-age students, and they
walked up to a virtual mirror.
And the reason we have a virtual mirror is to show the person they become different via
a process called body transfer.
This is a neuroscientific process where if you move your physical body and you have an
avatar that moves what’s called synchronously, that means at the same time that you move
your arm, you see its arm move and you see that in a mirror as well as in the first person.
Over time the part of the brain that contains the schema for the self expands and includes
this external representation as part of the body.
So by using a virtual mirror and showing somebody moving with the mirror, you can literally
feel like you’ve become someone else.
You can be a different gender, a different age.
You can become disabled.
You can have a different skin color.
And our first study took college-age students.
We had them become older, about 60 to 70 years old.
We then networked a second person into virtual reality and there was a conversation between
the two.
Over time the conversation turned to stereotypical concepts about being older.
So perhaps you didn’t have a good memory, and these stereotypes were activated in the
conversation.
So while wearing the body of someone else who’s an older person I felt discrimination
firsthand as a subject.
And what we showed in that first study published in 2005 was that subjects who had gone through
this treatment became less ageist when they came out.
For example, if you asked them to list words about the elderly they were less likely to
list words that were stereotypical.
Since that first study, we’ve run dozens of studies.
We’ve looked at empathy in terms of becoming a different race, becoming a different gender,
even becoming a different species.
If you become a cow, how does that make you think about animals?
And what our research has shown is VR is not a magic tool.
It doesn’t work every single time but in general, across all of our studies, VR tends
to outperform control conditions.
For example, imagining you’re someone else via role playing or reading about case studies.
This experience of walking a mile in someone’s shoes tends to be more effective at causing
empathy and behavior change towards others.
At the 2018 Tribeca film festival, we’re going to premiere a piece called Thousand
Cut Journey.
I’m working with Courtney Cogburn.
She’s a professor at Columbia and she studies implicit bias and black/white racism.
The piece is designed to show how people of color do not experience racism once or twice
in their lives, it’s a process they go through pretty much every day.
And so this piece is, you start out as an elementary school child and you’re in a
classroom.
You then become a teenager and you’re interacting with police officers.
You then become an adult who’s going on a job interview, and what you experience while
wearing the body of a black male is implicit bias that happens repeatedly and over time.
And so that’s a piece that’s going to premiere in April and what we’re currently
doing is running experiments to test, to see if it changes attitudes and what aspects of
the experience are most effective at changing those attitudes.