Have you heard the news?
We're in a clean energy revolution.
And where I live in Berkeley, California,
it seems like every day I see a new roof with new solar panels going up,
electric car in the driveway.
Germany sometimes gets half its power from solar,
and India is now committed to building 10 times more solar
than we have in California,
by the year 2022.
Even nuclear seems to be making a comeback.
Bill Gates is in China working with engineers,
there's 40 different companies that are working together
to try to race to build the first reactor that runs on waste,
that can't melt down
and is cheaper than coal.
And so you might start to ask:
Is this whole global warming problem
going to be a lot easier to solve than anybody imagined?
That was the question we wanted to know,
so my colleagues and I decided to take a deep dive into the data.
We were a little skeptical of some parts
of the clean energy revolution story,
but what we found really surprised us.
The first thing is that clean energy has been increasing.
This is electricity from clean energy sources over the last 20 years.
But when you look at the percentage of global electricity
from clean energy sources,
it's actually been in decline from 36 percent to 31 percent.
And if you care about climate change,
you've got to go in the opposite direction
to 100 percent of our electricity from clean energy sources,
as quickly as possible.
Now, you might wonder,
"Come on, how much could five percentage points of global electricity be?"
Well, it turns out to be quite a bit.
It's the equivalent of 60 nuclear plants
the size of Diablo Canyon, California's last nuclear plant,
or 900 solar farms the size of Topaz,
which is one of the biggest solar farms in the world,
and certainly our biggest in California.
A big part of this is simply that fossil fuels are increasing
faster than clean energy.
And that's understandable.
There's just a lot of poor countries
that are still using wood and dung and charcoal
as their main source of energy,
and they need modern fuels.
But there's something else going on,
which is that one of those clean energy sources in particular
has actually been on the decline in absolute terms,
not just relatively.
And that's nuclear.
You can see its generation has declined seven percent
over the last 10 years.
Now, solar and wind have been making huge strides,
so you hear a lot of talk about how it doesn't really matter,
because solar and wind is going to make up the difference.
But the data says something different.
When you combine all the electricity from solar and wind,
you see it actually barely makes up half of the decline from nuclear.
Let's take a closer look in the United States.
Over the last couple of years -- really 2013, 2014 --
we prematurely retired four nuclear power plants.
They were almost entirely replaced with fossil fuels,
and so the consequence was that we wiped out
almost as much clean energy electricity that we get from solar.
And it's not unique to us.
People think of California as a clean energy and climate leader,
but when we looked at the data,
what we found is that, in fact,
California reduced emissions more slowly than the national average,
between 2000 and 2015.
What about Germany?
They're doing a lot of clean energy.
But when you look at the data,
German emissions have actually been going up since 2009,
and there's really not anybody who's going to tell you
that they're going to meet their climate commitments in 2020.
The reason isn't hard to understand.
Solar and wind provide power about 10 to 20 percent of the time,
which means that when the sun's not shining,
the wind's not blowing,
you still need power for your hospitals,
your homes, your cities, your factories.
And while batteries have made some really cool improvements lately,
the truth is, they're just never going to be as efficient
as the electrical grid.
Every time you put electricity into a battery and take it out,
you lose about 20 to 40 percent of the power.
That's why when, in California,
we try to deal with all the solar we've brought online --
we now get about 10 percent of electricity from solar --
when the sun goes down, and people come home from work
and turn on their air conditioners and their TV sets,
and every other appliance in the house,
we need a lot of natural gas backup.
So what we've been doing
is stuffing a lot of natural gas into the side of a mountain.
And that worked pretty well for a while,
but then late last year, it sprung a leak.
This is Aliso Canyon.
So much methane gas was released,
it was the equivalent of putting half a million cars on the road.
It basically blew through all of our climate commitments for the year.
Well, what about India?
Sometimes you have to go places to really get the right data,
so we traveled to India a few months ago.
We met with all the top officials -- solar, nuclear, the rest --
and what they told us is,
"We're actually having more serious problems
than both Germany and California.
We don't have backup; we don't have all the natural gas.
And that's just the start of it.
Say we want to get to 100 gigawatts by 2022.
But last year we did just five,
and the year before that, we did five."
So, let's just take a closer look at nuclear.
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
has looked at the carbon content of all these different fuels,
and nuclear comes out really low -- it's actually lower even than solar.
And nuclear obviously provides a lot of power --
24 hours a day, seven days a week.
During a year, a single plant can provide power 92 percent of the time.
What's interesting is that when you look at countries
that have deployed different kinds of clean energies,
there's only a few that have done so
at a pace consistent with dealing with the climate crisis.
So nuclear seems like a pretty good option,
but there's this big problem with it,
which all of you, I'm sure, are aware of,
which is that people really don't like it.
There was a study, a survey done of people around the world,
not just in the United States or Europe,
about a year and a half ago.
And what they found
is that nuclear is actually one of the least popular forms of energy.
Even oil is more popular than nuclear.
And while nuclear kind of edges out coal, the thing is,
people don't really fear coal in the same way they fear nuclear,
which really operates on our unconscious.
So what is it that we fear?
There's really three things.
There's the safety of the plants themselves --
the fears that they're going to melt down and cause damage;
there's the waste from them;
and there's the association with weapons.
And I think, understandably,
engineers look at those concerns and look for technological fixes.
That's why Bill Gates is in China developing advanced reactors.
That's why 40 different entrepreneurs are working on this problem.
And I, myself, have been very excited about it.
We did a report: "How to Make Nuclear Cheap."
In particular, the thorium reactor shows a lot of promise.
So when the climate scientist, James Hansen,
asked if I wanted to go to China with him
and look at the Chinese advanced nuclear program,
I jumped at the chance.
We were there with MIT and UC Berkeley engineers.
And I had in my mind
that the Chinese would be able to do with nuclear
what they did with so many other things --
start to crank out small nuclear reactors on assembly lines,
ship them up like iPhones or MacBooks and send them around the world.
I would get one at home in Berkeley.
But what I found was somewhat different.
The presentations were all very exciting and very promising;
they have multiple reactors that they're working on.
The time came for the thorium reactor, and a bunch of us were excited.
They went through the whole presentation, they got to the timeline,
and they said,
"We're going to have a thorium molten salt reactor
ready for sale to the world
by 2040."
And I was like, "What?"
(Laughter)
I looked at my colleagues and I was like,
"Excuse me --
can you guys speed that up a little bit?
Because we're in a little bit of a climate crisis right now.
And your cities are really polluted, by the way."
And they responded back, they were like,
"I'm not sure what you've heard about our thorium program,
but we don't have a third of our budget,
and your department of energy hasn't been particularly forthcoming
with all that data you guys have on testing reactors."
And I said, "Well, I've got an idea.
You know how you've got 10 years where you're demonstrating that reactor?
Let's just skip that part,
and let's just go right to commercializing it.
That will save money and time."
And the engineer just looked at me and said,
"Let me ask you a question:
Would you buy a car that had never been demonstrated before?"
So what about the other reactors?
There's a reactor that's coming online now, they're starting to sell it.
It's a high-temperature gas reactor.
It can't melt down.
But it's really big and bulky, that's part of the safety,
and nobody thinks it's going to ever get cheaper
than the reactors that we have.
The ones that use waste as fuel are really cool ideas, but the truth is,
we don't actually know how to do that yet.
There's some risk that you'll actually make more waste,
and most people think that if you're including
that waste part of the process,
it's just going to make the whole machine a lot more expensive,
it's just adding another complicated step.
The truth is,
there's real questions about how much of that we're going to do.
I mean, we went to India and asked about the nuclear program.
The government said before the Paris climate talks
that they were going to do something like 30 new nuclear plants.
But when we got there and interviewed people
and even looked at the internal documents,
they're now saying they're going to do about five.
And in most of the world, especially the rich world,
they're not talking about building new reactors.
We're actually talking about taking reactors down
before their lifetimes are over.
Germany's actually pressuring its neighbors to do that.
I mentioned the United States --
we could lose half of our reactors over the next 15 years,
which would wipe out 40 percent of the emissions reductions
we're supposed to get under the Clean Power Plan.
Of course, in Japan, they took all their nuclear plants offline,
replaced them with coal, natural gas, oil burning,
and they're only expected to bring online about a third to two-thirds.
So when we went through the numbers,
and just added that up --
how much nuclear do we see China and India bringing online
over the next 15 years,
how much do we see at risk of being taken offline --
this was the most startling finding.
What we found is that the world is actually at risk
of losing four times more clean energy than we lost over the last 10 years.
In other words: we're not in a clean energy revolution;
we're in a clean energy crisis.
So it's understandable that engineers would look for a technical fix
to the fears that people have of nuclear.
But when you consider that these are big challenges to do,
that they're going to take a long time to solve,
there's this other issue, which is:
Are those technical fixes really going to solve people's fears?
Let's take safety.
You know, despite what people think,
it's hard to figure out how to make nuclear power much safer.
I mean, every medical journal that looks at it --
this is the most recent study from the British journal, "Lancet,"
one of the most respected journals in the world --
nuclear is the safest way to make reliable power.
Everybody's scared of the accidents.
So you go look at the accident data --
Fukushima, Chernobyl --
the World Health Organization finds the same thing:
the vast majority of harm is caused by people panicking,
and they're panicking because they're afraid.
In other words,
the harm that's caused isn't actually caused by the machines
or the radiation.
It's caused by our fears.
And what about the waste?
Everyone worries about the waste.
Well, the interesting thing about the waste
is how little of it there is.
This is just from one plant.
If you take all the nuclear waste we've ever made in the United States,
put it on a football field, stacked it up,
it would only reach 20 feet high.
And people say it's poisoning people or doing something --
it's not, it's just sitting there, it's just being monitored.
There's not very much of it.
By contrast, the waste that we don't control from energy production --
we call it "pollution," and it kills seven million people a year,
and it's threatening very serious levels of global warming.
And the truth is that even if we get good at using that waste as fuel,
there's always going to be some fuel left over.
That means there's always going to be people that think it's a big problem
for reasons that maybe don't have as much to do with the actual waste
as we think.
Well, what about the weapons?
Maybe the most surprising thing is that we can't find any examples
of countries that have nuclear power
and then, "Oh!" decide to go get a weapon.
In fact, it works the opposite.
What we find is the only way we know
how to get rid large numbers of nuclear weapons
is by using the plutonium in the warheads
as fuel in our nuclear power plants.
And so, if you are wanting to get the world rid of nuclear weapons,
then we're going to need a lot more nuclear power.
(Applause)
As I was leaving China,
the engineer that brought Bill Gates there kind of pulled me aside,
and he said, "You know, Michael, I appreciate your interest
in all the different nuclear supply technologies,
but there's this more basic issue,
which is that there's just not enough global demand.
I mean, we can crank out these machines on assembly lines,
we do know how to make things cheap,
but there's just not enough people that want them."
And so, let's do solar and wind and efficiency and conservation.
Let's accelerate the advanced nuclear programs.
I think we should triple the amount of money we're spending on it.
But I just think the most important thing,
if we're going to overcome the climate crisis,
is to keep in mind that the cause of the clean energy crisis
isn't from within our machines,
it's from within ourselves.
Thank you very much.
(Applause)