hi let's talk about the accessory organs that serve the foregut the accessory organs
that serves the foregut consists of the liver gallbladder and the pancreas the liver secretes
bile the gallbladder stores the bile that is then conducted down to meet up with the main
duct of the pancreas which is secreting pancreatic juice through the major duodenal papilla into the
second part of the duodenum there so chyme is meeting up with secretions of the liver and the
pancreas now the liver is the body's largest gland it's functions are varied it secretes as you know
bile salts it's important for the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids and proteins it's going
to help us to process bioactive substances such as pharmaceuticals and toxins etc it's important
in serving the cardiovascular system for helping to filter out defunct red blood cells and then
secrete bilirubin that which is the byproduct of that process and it's also important for storing
glycogen which is one of the easy forms of storing glucose for the body now here we're looking at the
visceral surface which is the inferior surface of the liver the other surface would be the
diaphragmatic or the superior surface of the liver and that visceral surface of the liver
allows us to get a good look at the anatomical lobes of the liver now anatomically there are
four lobes of the liver there are two major lobes which consists of the right lobe as you can see
there and the left lobe which we can see there as well as a more posteriorly oriented caudate
lobe and a more anteriorly oriented quadrate lobe so anatomically we have the right the left the
caudate and the quadrate lobes now functionally there are really only two lobes because the
caudate and the quadrate lobes are contiguous with the left lobe of the liver so functionally we have
left and right lobes to the liver here we can also see associated with the liver the gallbladder and
adjacent to the gallbladder we have the hilum of the liver which we refer to as the porta hepatis
and that porta hepatis is an important region where we're transmitting three important bits
of vasculature so there's the bile duct which is a part of the the biliary tree there's also the
paddock artery proper that's going to branch into right and left hepatic branches to serve the liver
with blood and then the hepatic portal vein which is going to conduct relatively deoxygenated blood
and a ton of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract up to the liver for processing we can see
from this schema that the liver is more superiorly oriented it's largely found in that right upper
quadrant of the abdominal cavity and the bile from the liver is conducted through hepatic ducts so we
have a right and a left hepatic duct that merge into the common hepatic duct so bile can then be
transmitted down through the common hepatic duct and down through the cystic duct where
it's stored in the gallbladder bile can then move from either the gallbladder or the liver
so either from the common hepatic duct or that cystic hepatic duct through the common or just
the bile duct down posterior to the pyloric part and the head of the pancreas where it meets up
with the accessory duct of the pancreas and then there's this pad of pancreatic ampulla
which is a dilation of those common ducts and then materials are secreted through the major
duodenum papilla so the biliary tree consists of right and left hepatic ducts that join to form
the common hepatic duct that joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile
duct or just the bile duct that then joins up with the main pancreatic duct through the pad
of pancreatic ampulla through the major duodenal papilla into the second part of the duodenum the
pancreas is the second major accessory gland or accessory organ of the foregut the pancreas
has dual function it's both an endocrine and an exocrine gland as an endocrine gland about 1% of
the the glandular tissue on consists of pancreatic islets that are responsible for regulating the
concentration of blood glucose the remainder or the 99% of the the pancreas which is exocrine
is secreting pancreatic juice which is really a complex Association of water and salts and
bicarbonate ions and various digestive enzymes including pancreatic amylase --is which digest
starch trypsin chymotrypsin etc which break down peptides pancreatic lipase for helping to break
down triglycerides and and other fatty acids and ribonucleases and deoxyribose nucleic acids now
the pancreas has several parts to it there's the tail of the pancreas that's in close association
with the spleen here and that tail is contiguous with a body and then the body then goes through
the neck into the head of the pancreas and then there's an extension of the pancreas known as the
uncinate process that associates with that third part of the duodenum now throughout the pancreas
or throughout the length of the pancreas there's the main pancreatic duct there can also be an
accessory pancreatic duct the main pancreatic duct meets up with the biliary tree through the pad of
pancreatic ampulla and through the major duodenal papilla into the second part of the duodenum the
accessory pancreatic duct travels through the minor duodenal papilla which is usually
proximal to the major duodenal papilla that also secretes into the second part of the duodenum