so this is the tooth of t-rex this is
the actual size only about this much
would have stuck out of the mouth with
teeth this big t-rex could chew anything
apart that it wanted literally it would
grab animals and tear them into chunks
and swallow the chunks whole bone and
all hi my name is mark lowen i'm a
paleontologist at the university of utah
and the natural history museum of utah i
love watching movies i love dinosaurs i
especially love dinosaur movies jurassic
park 1993.
so the question is did dinosaurs make
sounds of course they did are the sounds
of jurassic park realistic
sure animals like t-rex had huge
resonating chambers they had air sacs
throughout their neck into their lungs
throughout their belly this would have
been part of the sound board that brings
the sound out on t-rex the kind of sound
that would stop your heart for a second
oh move you can't see us if we don't
move
the actual paleontologist who was the
character study for dr alan grant and
also an advisor on the film was dr jack
horner jack horner came up with the idea
that the olfactory portion of the brain
is relatively bigger than it is in other
dinosaurs so people started saying t-rex
had a really good sense of smell
therefore t-rex was a scavenger and then
this went further to now t-rex can't see
very well it just follows its nose
around t-rex had three-dimensional
binocular vision t-rex had an
overlapping field of view of about 60
degrees which is more than something
like a hawk today we know that animals
with binocular vision today are hunters
we know that t-rex could see quite well
dr alan grant bet his life and probably
would have lost it in that situation
that's a stick point
yes
you like the stick
and no wonder you're extinct one of the
interesting things about dilophosaurus
is they made it smaller than it really
is it's really about 25 to 30 feet long
but that's only one of the real
complaints this is the worst dinosaur
probably in the entire jurassic park
franchise
we have absolutely no evidence of that
neck frill that came out of
dilophosaurus at the same time there are
modern animals like the lizard that has
that but we should actually be able to
identify that in a dinosaur so that
would be pure speculation the real
artistic license is in the idea that
they're depicting dilophosaurus as
venomous
but how is it getting that venom from
inside of its body outside onto nedrik
now animals that spit venom they have
hollow teeth that actually have poison
glands connected to the top of that
olive tooth and it can inject the poison
into that tooth under pressure to shoot
it out dilophosaurus did not have hollow
teeth we have absolutely no evidence
that any dinosaur was venomous much less
that any dinosaur could spit that venom
dilophosaurus is literally
the worst dinosaur in the jurassic park
franchise jurassic world
oh you're 2015 do not fire
stand down
delta i see you back up good
good
darling the main problem
its size we actually have exquisite
fossils of velociraptor and this is what
its skull looks like in fact if you had
maybe a pair of work boots and a stick
you could probably fend off this
dinosaur this is the sickle claw of
velociraptor it's sharp and it would
have had fingernail covering that would
have made it even longer and sharper but
at the same time it's not the size of
the dinosaurs in jurassic park this
sickle claw was found right here in utah
this is actually the sickle claw for
utahraptor and utah raptor is the size
of the velociraptors in jurassic park
one of the things about velociraptor is
we never find them together so we don't
know that velociraptors ran in packs we
actually know that velociraptor was
covered with feathers the velociraptors
in jurassic park don't have feathers
because they weren't known at the time
the movie came out the lost world 1997.
[Music]
one of our problems as paleontologists
with this is the size of the stegosaurs
these are absolutely huge stegosaurs got
big but they did not have nine foot long
spikes at the end of their tail so the
plates on the back of stegosaurus the
debate has been what are those for are
they for display are they for protection
are they for thermal regulation are the
animals pumping blood into the plates to
use them as a giant radiator when we
look at the entire family of stegosaurus
not all of them have plates this would
actually argue against them being used
for thermal regulation but almost
certainly to me the plates on a
stegosaurus are for the same reason that
your cat when it gets frightened will
stand sideways
puff up its fur and look bigger it's a
way for stegosaurus to say i'm too scary
i'm bigger than you even think i am you
probably don't want to mess with me and
try to eat me
so the baby stegosaur has really got
some weird proportions they got the fact
right that it does have a big eye but it
also has some weird upturned snout to
look like a puppy we don't have any
ideas stegosaur ontogeny would be any
different than how
most of the armored dinosaurs grew up
the fact that you're changing the angle
of the roof of your skull is almost
certainly not plausible we do have some
baby stegosaurs out there one that
actually would be about the size of a
german shepherd super cute you'd want to
meet it in a petting zoo but at the same
time some of the things that they're
doing in this reconstruction are not
legitimate
[Applause]
stegosaurus would have to actually break
its tail to actually turn its tail
spikes downward like that lateral
movements with their spikes are possible
but a downward motion like that is not
the absolute largest stegosaurus spike
is
right about two and a half to three feet
long having the spikes that we're
showing in some views of these animals
where the spikes are this long that's a
bit much really this is a trend that we
see in the jurassic park franchise if
there's a chance to make it just a
little bit bigger and therefore scarier
we're gonna do that land of the lost
2009 what a priceless movie
dialosaurus female yeah
we're in luck
these large predators are extremely
territorial
virtually nothing will distract them
from each other
run
this is just pure silliness this is one
of the better depictions of the skull of
allosaurus we're actually learning more
and more about the skin of allosaurus
and the skin of allosaurus would not
have looked the way that we filmed it
here in the movie the skin of allosaurus
basically looked like basketball leather
so almost certainly the top predators
and ecosystem are not going to work
together to chase the humans at the same
time these animals never met each other
it turns out there's more time between
allosaurus and t-rex than there is
between t-rex and
will ferrell we would have had to have
put time travel into the equation to put
all of these characters together at the
same time in this movie
spread out
it'll confuse him by running a third
petite pattern
he's incapable of rapid court's
corrections t-rex is not a fast animal
but t-rex is faster than will ferrell
and would catch him even if he was
running straight away from it so if we
think about dinosaur agility if you have
a lot of weight on either side of a
pivot point it becomes harder to pivot
if figure skater holds their arms out to
the side and when they're doing that
they can't turn very fast but if they
want to speed up they pull their arms in
and they will start to rotate faster
t-rex having a long tail and a head
at either end of the point on which its
legs are attached means that it could
not turn very fast running in a
serpentine pattern is probably a great
idea against dinosaurs but dinosaurs are
generally faster than people anyway
probably the best thing to do is stay
ahead of the rest of the people in your
group jurassic park 3 2001.
[Music]
spinosaurus has for a long time been
competing with tyrannosaurus rex for the
longest meat-eating dinosaur of all time
the skull of spinosaurus was probably a
couple of inches longer than the skull
of t-rex the body almost certainly was
about five feet longer than the body of
t-rex t-rex outweighed spinosaurus by a
large amount recently new specimens have
come out and they've redrawn
this picture of what spinosaurus looks
like spinosaurus was much closer to a
shape that looked like this with a big
long swimming adapted tail and
relatively short limbs this animal is
adapted for living in the shallow oceans
and eating fish so this animal is an
aquatic hunter it's not going to live in
the same environment as t-rex
there's not enough muscle on spinosaurus
to break the neck of t-rex we have
skulls that are more complete and the
skulls are very narrow with sharp
conical teeth very well adapted for
eating things like fish the skull of
spinosaurus is only on the order of four
to five inches wide whereas t-rex which
would have been almost two and a half
feet wide the bite of t-rex would have
crushed spinosaurus's skull in a single
bite this would have not been a good
match for t-rex on the land king kong
2005
and the premise of this movie is that
we're in a lost world situation in which
the dinosaurs on this island have been
alive since the extinction of the
dinosaurs so we can imply 65 million
years of further evolution anything that
we say about the dinosaur behaviors is
pure speculation because evolution could
have taken dinosaur behavior in all
kinds of different directions what i do
like is the way that the cgi artists
rendered the sauropod long neck
dinosaurs these things have weight they
have muscle and they're actually
interacting with their environment in
ways that truly huge animals would these
dinosaurs in this movie actually look
somewhat like brontosaurus or
apatosaurus but at the same time they
also have features that are present in a
different group of the long neck
dinosaurs that we called the titanosaurs
and they were really the wide load
members of this group
[Music]
the theropod that we see chasing these
animals is vanatasaurus and this is some
sort of dinosaur closely related to
things like velociraptor and
dromeosaurus its behavior does not look
a whole lot like i envision within
dromosaurs and velociraptorines but 65
million years of isolated evolution on
this island anything can happen
night at the museum 2006.
[Music]
number one throw the bone
and i'm assuming that this is supposed
to be a tyrannosaurus rex but i don't
recognize it one of my problems with
this is the rib does not shatter upon
hitting the floor it also is missing its
belly ribs meat-eating dinosaurs had an
extra set of ribs along its belly that
it actually used to breathe but this is
a fun movie sounds like a dream sequence
to me the land before time 1988
what a classic animated movie again we
have a mix of different dinosaurs that
never met each other so sarah never met
littlefoot in time interesting that we
actually see molars in triceratops the
teeth are not molars they're actually a
slicing long line of teeth all put
together and i think we're
anthropomorphizing these dinosaurs to
make them cuter we actually do know what
baby long neck dinosaurs look like
inside the egg they have huge eyes some
of them have a little beak that helps
them break out of the egg and they
absolutely were just as cute as the
dinosaurs inland before time one million
years bc 1966
[Music]
there's a lot of problems with the
dinosaurs in this clip ceratosaurus his
posture is wrong the horns on his face
are wrong his tail is super expressive
like a cat so at the time this movie was
filmed people thought that most
meat-eating dinosaurs were these slow
plodding animals that basically sat on
their tail a tripodal stance basically a
tripod between the two legs and that
would keep the head and the arms in the
air to do whatever they wanted we now
know meat-eating dinosaurs walked around
balanced on their legs with their tail
held high in the air at the same level
as their head it wasn't really until the
70s and 80s we started getting a picture
of dinosaurs as much more dynamic not
like these claymation dinosaurs in this
film one last thing i'd like to point
out humans
never coexisted with actual dinosaurs
that we think of as dinosaurs that never
happened jurassic world fallen kingdom
2018. holy
[Music]
what i really like in this clip is the
volcanic eruption you can see the
beginnings of the pyroclastic flow
that's going to destroy the island you
see volcanic bombs flying through the
air we get some interesting dinosaurs
that we hadn't seen much of before
cynoceratops that's a different story
cynoceratops has way too big of a nose
horn and it's got some weird things
going on on the back of its skull to the
point where i almost didn't recognize it
this dinosaur is famous because it's the
only true horned dinosaurs related to
triceratops that actually has been found
in asia we think it's a north american
animal that walked over to asia to live
there towards the end of the cretaceous
carnotaurus this is an animal that's
closely related to ceratosaurus and it's
actually quite well rendered we actually
have skin from across the body on the
tail and on the face of carnotaurus this
is one of the best rendered dinosaurs as
far as what it actually looked like in
real life carnotaurus which is from
argentina never met a ceratopsian
dinosaur in its entire life it should
have been frightened and amazed by the
size of its head and probably just run
away but it's interesting the way that
cynoceratops is using its frill to
protect its neck the whole head toss um
sinoceratops does not have a neck that
is strong enough to full toss
carnotaurus over his shoulder but i do
love the look interesting stuff but
again
t-rex wins
as it would win against any dinosaur
fantasia 1940.
[Music]
this classic disney movie gave us one of
our first glances of dinosaurs in the
ecosystems in which they lived now
there's some problems here allosaurus
it's facing off with stegosaurus it's
natural mortal enemy because we find
stegosaurus and allosaurus in the same
deposits but at the same time there are
two time traveling dinosaurs from the
cretaceous in parasaurolophus and
triceratops who are watching this fight
we know that some of the depictions of
some of these dinosaurs with allosaurus
kind of standing on its tail with
stegosaurus flipping its tail over to
try to poke at allosaurus but again this
is an important movie because it really
set the stage for dinosaurs being these
iconic beasts of the past we follow up
with other movies all the way into the
60s in which we're depicting dinosaurs
in a similar way to disney's animators
in fantasia and then it really was
jurassic park that broke the mold and
started showing us dinosaurs in the ways
that we see them today this has been a
blast i hope that you've enjoyed
dissecting some of these animals as much
as i have