Given recent developments in the rekindled ambitions of particle physicists, the grand
game of understanding the nature of the cosmos has therefore started, and evolution is about
to break out.
Scientists at the European Center for Nuclear Research, or cern, have restarted their cosmic
gun, a large hadron collider.
Before it underwent its repair, the collider had already been producing evidence that the
universe may be hiding something remarkable.
Join us as we investigate how scientists at cern have just unearthed an astonishing discovery
that alters everything.
What is the genesis of the cosmos and why does it contain matter as opposed to antimatter?
When scientists discovered the higgs boson, a long-sought after particle that gives the
rest of the cosmos its mass but is still missing practically everything, with it several physicists
made headlines throughout the world a decade ago.
When the Sun Collider was turned on for the first time in 2010, optimist physicists claimed
that the cosmos was up for grabs and that the Higgs boson was its intended target.
This particle serves as the foundation for the standard model, a set of equations that
explains everything scientists have been able to measure about the subatomic realm.
However, the standard model is unable to explain some more fundamental aspects of the universe,
such as its origin, the elements that make up the universe, and even why the higgs particle
itself has mass.
Recent findings may help to clarify some of the riddles surrounding dark matter and other
things, scientists are positive about it.
Since they can detect the gravitational signals of dark matter.
This dark matter constitutes the majority of the universe, but scientists have yet to
determine what it is made of.
The most important thing scientists know about dark matter is that it is responsible for
the universe's expansion.
It is so enigmatic that measuring it is difficult, if not impossible.
According to NASA, known matter, such as what humans are made of, accounts for less than
5% of measurable matter.
Astronomers have deduced that the universe is densely packed with "dark matter," a substance
that cannot be directly observed but whose powerful gravitational pull keeps galaxies
from colliding.
According to the most recent research, dark matter outweighs visible matter by a factor
of five.
Despite this, dozens of intensive searches by astronomers around the world have failed
to identify the composition of dark matter.
Dark matter has been difficult to locate because it is hidden in the mirror world.
It is a stunning realisation that most matter in the universe is genuinely invisible to
us.
This is one of science's open-ended questions.
When the big collider was turned on for the first time in 2010, physicists thought that
some answers might emerge but aside from the higgs nothing else was discovered especially
no novel particle that would shed light on the mystery of dark matter.
Astronomers assume that it must exist because the invisible cosmic framework known as dark
matter is what holds galaxies and galaxy clusters together.
We don't know exactly what it is though dark matter is for sure one of the most intriguing
scientific puzzles.
Unfortunately, the standard model was unaffected when the collider was shut down at the end
of 2018 for significant maintenance and enhancements.
After 2025, the collider will shut down for an additional two years to allow for the installation
of other substantial improvements.
This series of renovations also included changes to the massive detectors that sit at each
of the four locations where the proton beams collide and study the collision debris.
These detectors have been tested since July.
Squeezing the proton beams makes protons more likely to collide at the points of intersection,
but it also confuses computers and detectors since there are several sprays of particles
that need to be distinguished from one another.
Since then, a number of investigations have shown holes in the mainstream model and called
for a more thorough examination of the cosmos.
These discoveries deal with peculiar behaviour of subatomic particles, whose names are mostly
unknown to us in the cosmic realm.
Think of the muon as a subatomic particle that briefly rose to stardom in 2017.
Muons, which are 207 times more massive than electrons yet have the same negative electrical
charge, are frequently referred to as "fat electrons."
Muons are formed during collider events and by cosmic ray collisions, and they decay radioactively
into a burst of electrons and spectrum neutrinos in just a few microseconds.
Nobody is quite clear how muons fit into the whole picture.
Muons spinning in a magnetic field wobbled significantly more fast than the standard
model predicted, according to 200 physicists from the fermi national accelerator laboratory
in Illinois.
This finding was revealed last year.
The value of a parameter called g2, which described how a particle reacts to a magnetic
field at the eighth decimal place, revealed the quantum whisper of as-yet-unidentified
particles that would momentarily form around the muon and alter its properties.
This difference between experimental results and theoretical expectations.
In order to study nature at the smallest scales, it was believed by scientists to be the reason
for the minor but considerable deviation, since the standard model would finally be
broken.
The higgs boson has access to extremely high energy scales, making it both a powerful telescope
and a very fine microscope.
physics because it seeks to decay to a truer vacuum with a lower energy.
A vacuum is referred to as a "false vacuum" by physicists.
Our universe is kept in this fictitious vacuum by the higgs field's energy potential's dips
and hills long enough for planets, stars, and galaxies to form.
However, this fictitious vacuum is inherently unstable and will degrade over time.
Quantum energy fluctuations or the strange quantum tunnelling phenomenon may be able
to help the fake vacuum break through the energy barrier, allowing it to cross those
hills and roll down the slope on the other side.
Since only the higgs field is preventing vacuum decay, we should be grateful for the existing
cosmos.
If the fake vacuum disintegrated, everything would be obliterated and replaced with a true
vacuum, which would spread outward in a wave travelling at the speed of light.
These models are crucial to the hadron collider's quest to discover physics that goes beyond
the standard model, so here is yet another attempt to comprehend the world.
Despite its many accomplishments, the standard model of particle physics is by no means the
final word on the subject; for instance, it does not fit cosmological models that explain
the origin of the universe.
However, while they wait for more information from the fermilab experiment, two groups of
theorists are still trying to match up their predictions of what g2 should be.
Another oddity involves the muon, one of the six types of quarks that make up heavier particles
like protons and neutrons.
Theorists are currently attempting to match up their predictions of what g2 should be.
The two quark bmeson particle contains the bquark, which is the protagonist or antagonist
of this tale.
However, due to their instability and inclination to dissolve, these quarks appear to defy the
standard model.
According to the standard model, some unusual decays of a bquark may include a daisy chain
of events that produces a new, lighter quark and two light particles known as leptons,
which could be electrons or their fat relatives muons or both.
It is equally likely that electrons and muons will show up in this process.
Dr. Patel amd his associates has detected more electron couples than muon pairings,
contradicting the lepton universality principle, despite the tau being a third heavier lepton
but decaying too quickly to be seen.
If these findings hold up in the future collider run, Dr. Patel believes that a subatomic particle
known as a leptoquark would be one of the most dramatic possibilities.
This aberration, like the muon's magnetic anomaly, points to an unknown influencer,
a particle of force interfering with the reaction.
If the particle is real, it might bridge the gap between the heavier leptons, such as electrons,
muons, and neutrinos, and the quark-based protons and neutrons that make up the material
world.
Temptingly, there are six different quark kinds and six different lepton types.
Dr. Patel said we are entering this run with more optimism that there may be a revolution
coming.
The w boson, which carries the so-called weak force responsible for radioactive decay, is
another particle in this menagerie acting strangely.
The collider detector at fermilab or cdf reported on a 10-year effort to measure the mass of
this particle in may.
The effort was based on roughly four million w bosons collected from collisions in fermilab's
tev.
The w boson should weigh about 80 billion electron volts, which was the most powerful
collision in the world before the massive hadron collider was built.
the best way to quantify mass energy based on past mass measurements and the standard
model In contrast, the higgs boson has a mass of 125 billion electron volts.
The wcdf measurement, the most exact measurement ever, came in at 80.433 billion, which was
greater than expected based on the experimenter's seven sigma calculation, where the possibility
of an error was only one in two trillion.
This deviation was a statistical anomaly.
If this latest disparity holds up, the standard model may have still another weakness since
the mass of the w boson is related to the masses of other particles, including the infamous
higgs.
With more knowledge, the three anomalies may all disappear, as well as the revolutionaries'
hopes, yet all three identify unknown forces or particles that interfere with existing
physics.
kyle Cranmer, a physicist at the University of Wisconsin who participates in other cern
projects, stated that a new particle that would explain both g2 and the w mass might
be discovered at the lhc, which is encouraging to optimists as a result.
The lhc will be used by researchers to examine the higgs particles' more delicate interactions
and search for evidence of the elusive dark matter, which makes up roughly 27 percent
of the universe's matter but has never been directly observed.
Hence, even though the lhc won't tear the fabric of time and space, it might help researchers
lift the curtain on some of the universe's mysteries.
Whenever they will uncover more mysteries we will make sure to keep you updated on them
too.
That pretty much wraps this video up guys.
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