DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: We're in the Tate Britain,
and we're looking at John Everett Millais' Ophelia.
This is the quintessential Victorian and quintessential
Pre-Raphaelite painting.
DR. BETH HARRIS: It is, and the Victorians painted Shakespeare
quite a lot.
And they even painted Ophelia quite a lot.
But this is the painting that everybody remembers.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: It's that moment after Hamlet
has murdered Ophelia's father, and she
has let herself fall into this river
and is letting herself drown.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Well, she goes mad after Hamlet murders
her father and allows herself to drown.
And Shakespeare describes the place where that happens.
And he describes the flowers and the willow tree,
and Millais picks up on that interest
in the botanical setting and expands on it.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: Well, the botanical specificity,
this is an artist who's really taking Ruskin seriously.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Ruskin advised artists
to go to nature with singleness of heart,
rejecting nothing, selecting nothing, and scoring nothing.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: That is that nature
itself has a kind of spiritual power.
And who are artists to mess with God's work?
DR. BETH HARRIS: That's right, but that
was the academic tradition to take from nature
and improve on it and to idealize it.
That was what in fact Reynolds had advised.
That's the foundation of the academic tradition.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: And so Millais
is completely rejecting that.
He's going into nature, and he's trying
to be as true to what he sees as possible.
It's interesting, because when we think of painting plein
air, that is when we think of painting outside,
we often think of late 19th century French painting.
We think of the Impressionists.
But of course, the Pre-Raphaelites in England
were taking this seriously mid-century.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Millais found a spot
that was very much like the one that Shakespeare described.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: But it's not as picturesque as it sounds.
Painting outside is full of frustrations and difficulties.
You have insects.
You have weather variations.
You have animals.
And Millais speaks about this with a wonderful sense
of sarcasm in a letter that he wrote.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Millais wrote, "I am threatened with a notice
to appear before a magistrate for trespassing in a field
and destroying the hay.
I am also in danger of being blown by the wind
into the water and becoming intimate with the feelings
of Ophelia when that lady sank to muddy death."
This is the funniest part, I think.
"There are two swans who not a little
add to my misery by persisting in watching me
from the exact spot I wish to paint.
My sudden perilous evolutions on the extreme bank
to persuade them to evacuate their position
have the effect of entirely deranging
my temper, my pictures, brushes, and palette.
Certainly, the painting of a picture
under such circumstances would be a greater punishment
for a murderer than a hanging."
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: So we have Millais really
clearly at the end of his rope trying to paint this image.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Yeah.
The Pre-Raphaelites often show us images of solitary women
expressing feelings of longing, and frustration,
and in this case madness.
The model for this is the woman who would become Rosetti's wife
and who was his model and muse, Elizabeth Siddal.
And she apparently posed for him in a bathtub
that they kept warm with some candles
underneath, although she did get sick,
because the water did eventually get cold.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: I know he was quite
proud of the dress that he had bought for her to wear,
which was already an antique that was embroidered heavily
with silver and is beautifully rendered here
as it floats and almost becomes like the water weeds
that we see around.
In fact, this painting was really praised in its day
for being perhaps the most faithful to nature
in terms of its botanical accuracy.
And we can see clearly not only a large willow
tree that has fallen and then has regrown.
And it's actually a wonderful to look at the way
that those upturned roots mimic the pose of Ophelia's arms.
DR. BETH HARRIS: And we see lots of flowers
that we can identify very specifically.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: And that have symbolic purpose.
DR. BETH HARRIS: Right, we see forget-me-nots and poppies,
which are a symbol of death, and violets,
which are a symbol of faithfulness.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: In fact, she's got a chain of violets
around her neck, which I think comes directly
from the Shakespearean play.
DR. BETH HARRIS: So the symbolic meaning of all of the flowers
would have been understood by the Victorian public.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: And interestingly, it
links all the way back to Shakespeare, who, as you said,
is very specific as well about some
of the flowers that are mentioned.
DR. BETH HARRIS: So Ophelia floats with her palms upturned.
She's not dead yet.
Her eyes are open, and she seems to be floating down the river.
But there are lovely passages when you look closely
not only at the flowers but especially in the lower
left where we see the light moving through those reeds that
are growing up in the water.
The intensity of the colors and the specificity,
both of those things, I think, would
have been really new and rather shocking
to the Victorian public.
DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: Well, part of that
was achieved because the Pre-Raphaelites rejected
the traditional mode of painting.
That is painting on a dark ground.
And so instead, they painted on a brilliant white ground.
And some of that luminosity really comes through.
In addition, some of these artists
actually painted not on a dry white ground,
but on a ground that was still wet,
which meant that that white is picked up by the colors
and really creases this vivid luminousness.
DR. BETH HARRIS: And so the Pre-Raphaelites really
were revolutionary.
We love them now, and they seem very familiar to us.
But they seemed really radical back
in the late 1850s and 1850s.