Jet is a geological material and is considered to be a minor gemstone.
Jet is not considered a true mineral, but rather a mineraloid as it has an organic origin,
being derived from decaying wood under extreme pressure.
The English noun "jet" derives from the French word for the same material: jaiet.
Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain pyrite inclusions, which are of brassy
colour and metallic lustre.
The adjective "jet-black", meaning as dark a black as possible, derives from this material.
Origin Jet is a product of high pressure decomposition
of wood from millions of years ago, commonly the wood of trees of the family Araucariaceae.
Jet is found in two forms, hard and soft.
Hard jet is the result of the carbon compression and salt water; soft jet is the result of
the carbon compression and fresh water.
The jet found at Whitby, in England, is of early Jurassic age, approximately 182 million
years old.
Whitby Jet is the fossilized wood from species similar to the extant Chile pine or Monkey
Puzzle tree.
History Jet has been used in Britain since the Neolithic
period, but the earliest known object is a 10,000 BC model of a damsel fly larva, from
Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
It continued in use in Britain through the Bronze Age where it was used for necklace
beads.
During the Iron Age jet went out of fashion until the early third century AD in Roman
Britain.
The End of Roman Britain marked the end of jet's ancient popularity until, despite sporadic
use in the Anglo-Saxon and Viking periods, the later Medieval period.
Jet saw a massive resurgence during the Victorian era.
Roman use Whitby jet was a popular material for jewellery
in Roman Britain from the third century onward.
It was used in rings, hair pins, beads, bracelets, bangles, necklaces and pendants; many of which
are visible in the Yorkshire Museum.
There is no evidence for Roman jet working in Whitby itself, rather it was transferred
to Eboracum where considerable evidence for jet production has been found.
The collection of jet at this time was based on beachcombing rather than quarrying.
In the Roman period it saw use as a magical material, frequently used in amulets and pendants
because of its supposed protective qualities and ability to deflect the gaze of the evil
eye.
Pliny the Elder suggests that "the kindling of jet drives off snakes and relieves suffocation
of the uterus.
Its fumes detect attempts to stimulate a disabling illness or a state of virginity."
and has been referenced by other Ancient writers including Solinus and Galen.
Jet objects were exported from Eboracum all over Roman Britain and into Europe.
Victorian use
Jet as a gemstone was fashionable during the reign of Queen Victoria, during which the
Queen wore Whitby jet as part of her mourning dress, mourning the death of Prince Albert.
Jet was associated with mourning jewellery in the 19th century because of its sombre
colour and modest appearance, and it has been traditionally fashioned into rosaries for
monks.
In the United States, long necklaces of jet beads were very popular during the Roaring
Twenties, when women and young flappers would wear multiple strands of jet beads stretching
from the neckline to the waistline.
In these necklaces, the jet was strung using heavy cotton thread; small knots were made
on either side of each bead to keep the beads spaced evenly, much in the same way that fine
pearl necklaces are made.
Jet has also been known as black amber, as it may induce an electric charge like that
of amber when rubbed.
Properties Jet is very easy to carve but it is difficult
to create fine details without breaking so it takes an experienced lapidary to execute
more elaborate carvings.
Jet has a Mohs hardness ranging between 2.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 1.30 to 1.34.
The refractive index of jet is approximately 1.66.
The touch of a red-hot needle should cause jet to emit an odor similar to coal.
Authenticating jet Although now much less popular than in the
past, authentic jet jewels are valued by collectors.
Unlike black glass, which is cool to the touch, jet is not cool, due to its lesser thermal
conductivity.
Anthracite and Ebonite are superficially similar to fine jet, and have been used to imitate
it.
These imitations are not always easy to distinguish from real jet.
When rubbed against unglazed porcelain, true jet will leave a chocolate brown streak.
The microstructure of jet, which strongly resembles the original wood, can be seen under
120× or greater magnification.
See also Eboracum
References
External links Gemstone Guide: Jet
Roman Objects in the Yorkshire Museum