Welcome to Space News from the Electric Universe,
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In the recent space news episode Electric Universe Geology - A New Beginning,
Thunderbolts contributor Andrew Hall began laying the foundations
for revolutionary concepts in earth geology.
Hall introduced his hypothesis
based on the principles of plasma physics and electrical engineering
for the formation of mountains and other landforms and features.
In part two of his presentation, Hall continues his discussion of evidence
that massive electrical discharges in Earth's atmosphere
have profoundly shaped our planet's surface.
In the first part of 'A New Beginning', we looked at triangular buttresses
that form on mountains and within the rims of craters.
We looked at evidence they are layered in place and molded in form
because they were created by supersonic winds and sonic shockwaves.
We discussed shock wave properties and how they form standing reflected waves
that channel the winds and imprint landscape with the exact shape of the waveform.
Now, I'm going to show you some more mind-blowing evidence.
Our first topic in part two is harmonics.
The images shown are color enhanced Schlieren photographs
of reflected shock waves in a wind tunnel.
Schlieren photography basically captures the refraction of light by the shockwave
because its thin sheet of the shockwave is at a different density than the surroundings.
While looking at these images remember that the shock waves are three dimensional
and these Schlieren photos see the wave edge on.
Wind tunnels typically show supersonic flow between two surfaces.
The initial shock reflects from the walls of the tunnel
creating 2 triangular waveforms adjacent to each other.
The diamond patterns that form between the triangles are often called shock diamonds.
In the case where a super sonic wave is created in the air, it is unbounded above.
So, the only surface reflecting it is the ground,
and it creates a row of triangles instead of the diamonds.
Looking at the photo, the initial wind speed in the first frame on the top left is mach 2.
It shows the shockwave producing one and a half triangles or diamonds.
The wind tunnel is charged with gas in a pressure vessel.
So, the gas flow progresses the pressure and mass flow decrease,
lowering the Mach-speed of the wind.
Subsequent frames show instability in the shock waves as the winds slow.
The waveforms compress and the angles of the primary and reflected waves grow less acute.
Vertical shockwaves form, called normal shocks.
Normal shocks are standing waves too, but instability causes them to migrate.
They travel through the triangles distorting their shape
where the normal wave interferes with the reflected wave, and it causes more reflections.
New smaller triangles form and replace the original standing wave.
This is harmonic reflection of the primary shockwave that occurs over time
as the energy of the event dissipates and transient effects take place.
In the final frame on the bottom right, the wind speed has slowed,
the triangular wave-forms are smaller and higher frequency.
There are 7 shock-diamonds where there were initially 1 and 1 half.
This sequence of harmonic reflection is evident
on the triangular buttresses stacked on the sides of mountains.
As seen in the images to follow, triangles are stacked upon triangles
in harmonic multiples as the successive layers of material were deposited
by supersonic winds, tunnelled by the reflected shock waves.
The first image in this group is most instructive.
In it, the lowermost layers of a harmonic waveform
can be seen to have begun to form at the outer edge of the preceding later.
Do you see the small waveforms in the serrated edges
of the preceding waveform the arrow points to?
Those serrations show the distortion of waves
just before they snapped into a new harmonic configuration.
This image demonstrates how the scale of the harmonic can change dramatically,
showing the waveform suddenly shattering the multiple reflections.
First there is the large waveform that fills the frame.
It's already breaking up from an instability.
A normal shock that slices down from the triangle's apex.
Then seven harmonic waveforms fill the wavelength,
actually there are more but they extend out of the picture frame.
Then these break down to two, three or more waveforms each.
I've circled the set of 7 little baby ones
that appear within the wavelength of their parents.
This image has mineral layers that also highlight harmonics.
Here's another shot at the same mountain.
These are undeniably harmonic wave reflections from shock event.
Here's one more image of the same mountain.
It's one of my favorites.
Note the small row of harmonic waveforms high on the mountain in the center of the frame.
Also note the large vertical crack or fault line, to use a conventional term,
that appears on the right of the small waveforms.
That was caused by a normal wave that apparently followed the formation
of triangular buttresses, because it sliced right through them.
There is a second normal shock to the left of the small waveforms
that is perfectly parallel to the one on the right.
It's been partly eroded by water, but you can see the crack at the bottom and the top.
Then there is a third, farther on the left that is hardly discernible, but it's there.
They are almost evenly spaced and perfectly parallel to each other.
Harmonics are evident all over the place on this mountain.
You can see here how the buttresses build ridges as they layer outward.
The waveform breaks down into harmonics and these continue building smaller ridges.
Some narrow and cancel, some widen.
They jostle each other, competing for space and the energy of the inflow winds.
But the inflow-winds continue to build the buttresses facing outward,
perpendicular to the wind flow.
It has an almost organic nature like cellular automata replicating.
In fact, I think it is how these can be simulated,
using a mathematical algorithm of cellular automata.
The energy dissipates the shock outflow,
that continues building ridges for a long distance at a lower energy.
The howl of the winds must've been beyond imagination when this happened,
each waveform producing a different tone but in harmonic resonance.
It must have been like a symphony of giant trumpets.
Transience in wind speed, mach angle and multiple reflections
create instabilities in the waveforms.
Unstable waves segregate and fan away from each other under expansion,
fragmenting the waveforms.
Or they bunch together in compression, pressing waves against each other.
Shockwaves don't like to cross, but fold against each other.
As wave fronts compress the waveform can be squeezed and cancelled out.
This image, 3 waveforms compressed, distorting into curves with the waves,
pressed against each other, bend the centre waveform almost circular.
In the following layers, the pinched wave is cancelled altogether
and the surrounding waveforms have joined, stretching wavelengths to close the gap.
A similar wave-cancellation has occurred in this image.
Here the center ridgeline is cancelled by neighboring waveforms,
and they've expanded to fill the wavelegth.
A diagonal shock line appears, cutting the mountain where the cancellation occurs.
It crosses in a stepwise fashion, a few layers at a time, causing it to zig zag.
This shows the temporal relation of its movement to the triangular waveform layers.
Note the ruler-straight shock lines that divide the adjacent triangular buttresses.
Complexity is found within the shock fronts, inside the triangles themselves,
as pressure and density variations.
Here is a wobbly unstable waveform.
Note the density variations form a circular feature near the top of this Schlieren image.
Now look at the same feature
on this distorted triangular buttress found in northern Arizona.
Also note how the edges of the triangle draw in towards the circle,
just as the waves near the top in the Schlieren image do.
The three small buttresses below the hole show us strikingly similarity
to the size and location of those in the same position in this Schlieren image.
Here's another hole created in a triangular buttress.
This one is in Iran
and here's another one, that was formed in Utah.
One type of wave expansion is called a Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Fan.
It occurs if the shock trajectory is forced to change abruptly.
The next several images show such an expansion fan.
The region sits near the Persian Gulf,
alongside the outside curve of the mountain arc formed by Basin and Range mountains.
The fan forms where the arc current apparently turned sharply
curling almost 180 degrees in its trajectory.
The fan features are about 10 kilometers long.
The triangular buttresses are extremely well defined
and the area is surrounded by ablated material.
Harmonics are evident where the primary shock passed,
as well as, on the pressure ridges that define the expansion waves.
Buttress layering is obvious
and shows the direction of the winds at 90 degrees to the pressure ridges,
and the reverse slopes also show the layering clearly.
And each successive ridge in the fan is smaller
and shows fewer layers than the preceding ridge
as the preceding ridge grew to block the winds coming from the left in this image.
The expansion fan makes clean, straight pressure ridges,
spanning away from the blast zone.
It's obvious, the entire structure is the result of a single coherent event
and here's a final view of the fan from the opposite direction.
Iran, by the way, has this region of mountain arcs
where these features are particularly evident.
Land is arid and has little vegetation, so you can see the bones of the mountain.
But these features are found all over the world.
This road cut in Iran is sometimes described as a slip fault
that created the ‘horst-graben’, or basin and range region, where this is found.
That isn't the case of course.
The slice in the ground was left by the primary or incident shock
on the left side of the "V" and it's reflected shock on the right side of the "V".
This is the boundary region where the initial shock meets and reflects from the ground.
The incident shock curves sharply downward and the reflected shock is nearly straight.
Where the reflected shock and incident shock meet,
there is a feature called the Lambda Foot.
Note the incident shock curvature
and the particular dip of the sedimentary layers within the "V".
They are similar to the angle transmitted shock shown in the "V" of the diagram.
Here's another image of the road cut with the broader view.
In this view, the Lambda foot at the bottom of the "V" is easier to discern.
Also, feature not even originally shown on the diagram.
The cut in the center top of the "V" that results from a shock that curves downward,
normal to the expanding corner of the reflected shock,
and I've annotated that in the red on the diagram.
This shock feature is along the side of the hill
that could be seen stacking in layers to the left.
It should define the outer boundary of the initial shockwave.
If so, it should form a ring around the mountain
and a similar "V" shape cut should be found on the opposite side of the hill.
If true, the incident angles and distance between this "V"
and the predicted "V" on the opposite side
hold information about the height of the apex of the passing wave.
Now are you beginning to believe your lying eyes yet?
Let's recap what we've seen so far.
In Part One, we saw triangular waveforms exhibit compression and expansion
from superimposed longitudinal and transverse waves.
In Part Two, we've seen that triangular waveforms
exhibit harmonic repetition consistent with reflected shock waves.
They exhibit super-positioning and cancellation under compression
consistent which reflected shock waves.
They exhibit normal shocks, expansion fans and features of density variation
consistent with reflected shock waves.
And boundary layers features of reflected waves
can be found in the substrate of the blast zone,
as seen in the road cut in Iran.
Let me emphasize this.
These are undeniably supersonic waveforms.
If anyone has an explanation for harmonic waveforms
to appear on mountains by any other means than what I'm describing,
whether a mainstream theory or otherwise, please clue us in.
But I'm not going to hold my breath.
These features can't be readily seen without aerial or satellite views,
because they are too large to see from the ground.
Geologists should quit their pickaxes, seismographs and Latin dictionaries away
and get a free copy of Google Earth.
Actually I know and I've worked with many geologists and I respect their knowledge.
Earthquakes, meteors, volcanoes and erosion still form the landscape.
But the underlying physics is misunderstood.
Gravity only, billiard ball bouncing-particle theorists
have infected all of science with their zombie virus.
It's time for enlightenment for mankind to finally understand the universe.
How it's governed by fields, not particles and that Earth is electric too.
And so are you!
So, turn up the gain on your antenna and stay tuned.
In Part Three, we'll take a look at some electrical effects in larger mountain structures.
Thank you for watching and for all of your kind comments.
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