The universe is dotted with a TREMENDOUS number of stars, each shining brightly from the energy
of nuclear fusion.
At any given moment, new stars are born, while others begin to die.
The fate of a dying star depends on its mass.
The largest stars will become neutron stars or black holes.
But the vast majority of the stars will become hot balls of glowing matter that will shine
for billions of years as they slowly cool down and disappear from view.
These are white dwarfs.
Stars shine because of nuclear fusion.
It takes a LOT of energy to fuse two atoms together.
This is why large bodies, like stars, fuse matter, while smaller objects, like planets, do not.
Stars are so large that gravity squeezes their matter together tightly enough for fusion to occur.
This fusion mostly occurs in the core of the star, but at times it can also take place
in layers surrounding the core called shells.
As the star ages, fusion happens in different parts of the star and produces different elements.
This process is called stellar evolution,
and the path it takes depends on the star’s initial mass.
During this process, the size, temperature and composition change.
But for every star, a point is reached where the pull of gravity is no longer strong enough
to keep fusion going.
For most stars, once fusion stops, that’s it.
Because fusion is no longer generating an outward pressure, the star contracts under
the force of gravity to about the size of the Earth.
But the lights don’t go out right away; all that matter is still extremely hot!
And hot things glow.
So now you have a small ball of white-hot matter floating in cold space.
We call this a white dwarf.
As the years pass, white dwarfs cool down and begin to dim.
After all, space is very cold - close to absolute zero!
So how long do you think it will take the white dwarf to cool down to the point that
it goes dark?
One year?
A thousand years??
A million years???
It’s believed it will take TRILLIONS of years for white dwarfs to stop glowing.
That’s longer than the current age of the universe!
But one day, somewhere in space, the lights will go out in a white dwarf.
At that point all that’s left is a dead ball of dark matter which we call a black dwarf.
Although white dwarfs are small compared to burning stars, they are still quite massive.
Their mass can be as high as 1.4 solar masses, a value called the Chandrasekhar Limit.
Because of their large mass, gravity very tightly compresses the stellar matter.
But at some point you run up against the Pauli Exclusion principle.
This idea from quantum mechanics says, basically, that two identical particles
cannot occupy the same place at the same time.
For white dwarfs, the pressure from gravity has stripped all the electrons from the atoms.
Gravity then packs the electrons so closely together that the Pauli exclusion principle
kicks in and stops the white dwarf from shrinking any further.
This is called degenerate electron pressure.
White dwarfs are about the size of an Earth-like planet and shine with only a fraction of the
brightness of a star.
So how do you find and observe them?
One way is to look for stars with an unexplained back-and-forth motion.
This suggests a massive companion.
If you can’t see the companion, it’s probably a black hole.
But oftentimes, telescopes are able to see a small, dim neighbor - a white dwarf.
In fact, the brightest star in the night sky, Sirius, has a white dwarf companion
which we call Sirius B.
There’s another way to find white dwarfs, and it’s due to a curious phenomenon which
occurs near the end for some stars.
Earlier we mentioned that fusion can occur not just in the core,
but in shells around the core.
When a star begins to die, fusion may stop in the core.
That’s because the core is now made of heavier elements and there isn’t a strong enough
compression to fuse them.
But a shell of helium may start to burn, in an event called a Helium Shell Flash.
This creates a shock wave called a thermal pulse, which blows a lot of the star’s matter into space.
This expanding sphere of matter glows from the star creating a beautiful display called
a planetary nebula.
The name is a bit misleading.
It has nothing to do with planets.
The name was chosen hundreds of years ago by William Herschel
because he thought they looked like planets.
Regardless of the name, when you see a planetary nebula in space, there’s a good chance you’ll
find a white dwarf in the center.
It is estimated that more than 90% of the stars in our galaxy will end up as white dwarfs.
So as time passes and the billions and billions of stars in the Milky Way begin to burn out
and fade from view, you can rest assured that for more than a trillion years,
you’ll still be able to find a warm, glowing white dwarf to call home
until you can find a more permanent location.
While white dwarfs will shine long after this video is over,
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