It's been almost 50 years since Humans have left earth’s orbit. The last time we were on the moon
was in 1972 when the last Apollo mission, Apollo 17 returned back after 12 days. The kids of the
Apollo era dreamt of one day going to the moon and even beyond. Those dreams unfortunately
came to a halt in the last 50 years after the Apollo missions were canceled. Fortunately we
are going back to the moon and for a long time now, with plans of a permanent base on the moon
and then finally landing the first humans on Mars. The foundation of this will be laid by the Artemis
program and by the first three Artemis missions to be precise. We have talked about the mission
framework of the Artemis missions in our previous videos but today we will take a deeper look at the
three Artemis missions which are the backbone of this framework. So what are you waiting for,
get ready for the most in-depth analysis of the three Artemis missions!
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The Foundation for the return of humans to the Moon is NASA’s deep space transportation system:
the Orion spacecraft, SLS rocket, the HLS and the EGS facilities that provide a modernized
spacecraft. The Orion Spacecraft is powered by a service module which will be provided by the
European Space Agency, and has been specifically designed for a crew of four. The precursor mission
to the three Artemis missions would be the first payload delivered to the lunar surface
aboard the CLPS provider landers and the thirteen Cubesats deployed from the SLS during Artemis
One mission. Human exploration under the Artemis program will start with crewed flight tests of SLS
and Orion of Artemis two missions in 2023. At the same time, NASA and its commercial HLS partners
will conduct in-space testing of their entire hardware, software and operating system required
for the Artemis three mission in 2024. Let’s take a look at each Artemis mission in detail.
Artemis I
The Artemis I mission will be the first Launch of the Artemis mission. The SLS rocket will launch
an uncrewed Orion Spacecraft into an orbit around the earth, placing it on a path to travel 40,000
miles beyond the Moon, and a total of 280,000 miles from earth before returning back. The
successful launch of the Artemis I mission will be very crucial to demonstrate the performance of
the SLS rocket and gather data during the flight path of the Orion spacecraft before its high speed
earth reentry. The high-speed lunar velocity re-entry is the ultimate goal and a necessary
test of thermal efficiency of the as it enters Earth's atmosphere, heating about 5,000 degrees
Fahrenheit — about half the temperature of the sun — before it hits the Pacific.
In this uncrewed configuration, the engineering equipment will fly instead
of the astronaut's essentials. Instead of cockpit indicators and controls and life
support systems that will fly in the first crew flight, this first flight will carry the data
collection tools needed to verify performance and compare predictable models with real flight data.
Over a period of 4 to 6 weeks during the mission, Orion will travel 1.4 million
miles before returning to earth, breaking Apollo 13’s record for the largest distance covered in a
spacecraft designed for humans. The mission will also deploy 13 important CubeSats– out of which
five of them will return lunar data and conduct scientific investigations. This will help us know
more about working in deep space environments. The Preparation of Artemis I is almost complete.
The SLS rocket- comprising four RS-25 liquid rocket engines, two solid rocket boosters,
the Massive core stage and the interim cryogenic propulsion stage, has already been rolled out to
the Launch Pad 39B. The Orion spacecraft’s first and maiden test flight, Exploration Flight Test-1,
flew on December 5, 2014. The mission was 4.5 hours long and demonstrated
important capabilities of the Orion Spacecraft in high-Earth orbit and tested the Spacecraft’s Heat
shield to the extent possible during re-entry into the Earth, proving the capsule’s recovery system.
Along with that NASA has also completed a series of Orion Parachute tests in September of 2018.
In 2019 NASA further tested the Launch Abort system of the Orion Spacecraft on
a test mission known as Ascent Abort-2. If an emergency occurs during the launch,
the launch abort system pulls Orion and its crew away from the rocket landing it into the Atlantic.
Artemis II
Artemis II will be the first crewed flight of the Space launch System(SLS) and the Orion
spacecraft. It will send four astronauts to the lunar environment for the first time ever in 50
years. Thai will be the Apollo 8 moment of the Artemis generation, when Astronauts aboard Orion
will capture the full globe of Earth from afar. With a boost of confidence from the Artemis I
mission and thousands of hours of flight and ground testing, the Artemis II crew will board
Orion sitting atop the SLS for a 10 day mission and set a record for the farthest human travel
beyond the dark side of the moon. The crew will be launched onboard Orion by the SLS rocket,
and the capsule will perform two orbits around Earth before committing to the voyage to the
Moon. Orion will initially enter an initial insertion orbit at a height of 115 by 1,800 miles,
and the elliptical orbit will last around 90 minutes, with the perigee altered by the rocket's
first fire of the interim cryogenic propulsion stage (ICPS). Following the first orbit,
the rocket's ICPS will generate power to lift Orion into a high-Earth orbit (HEO), where it will
sail in an elliptical orbit for roughly 42 hours between 200 and 59,000 miles above Earth. After
reaching high earth orbit, Orion will separate from the ICPS,and the expendable stage will have
one final use for the crew who will use it as a target for a proximity operations demonstration.
The astronauts will steer Orion's flight route and orientation in manual mode during this exercise.
To evaluate Orion's handling qualities, the crew will utilize onboard cameras and the view from the
spacecraft's windows to line up with the ICPS as they approach and back away from the stage.
The demonstration will offer vital performance data and operational experience
that cannot be obtained on the ground in preparation for key rendezvous, proximity
operations, docking, and undocking activities that will commence on Artemis III. The Artemis
II crew will travel 4,600 miles beyond the far side of the moon. From this point, they will be
able to see the earth and the moon from Orion’s window. The crew will prepare for Earth entry,
descent, and landing the day before they return home by pressurizing and testing the crew module
propulsion systems and storing loose equipment before falling through Earth's atmosphere.
They will don their pressurized spacesuits and buckle into their seats before the crew module
separates from the European service module on entrance day. The Orion spacecraft will be flying
at more than 25,000 mph when it reenters the Earth's atmosphere, slowing it down to 325 mph.
Parachutes will next slow it down to roughly 20 mph for splashdown, bringing a conclusion
to a mission that will cover more than 620,000 miles (over 1,000,000 km). The recovery team will
already be positioned at the target landing zone and will recover the crew from the Pacific Ocean.
Artemis III
Artemis III will be the conclusion of NASA's deep space transportation systems'
extensive testing and more than two million miles in space during Artemis I and II.
Orion and its crew members will once again travel to the moon–
but this time to make history by landing the first woman and the next man on the lunar surface.
NASA is planning to minimize the number of systems involved in landing humans on the moon by 2024.
The future lunar landers will use the Gateway as a staging point in lunar orbit for missions to the
surface. The Gateway serves as a long-term staging location for human and robotic lunar missions.
The orbiting station will allow for extended Moon explorations and maybe numerous visits to
the surface during a single Artemis mission. The Gateway-to-surface operational system is similar
to how a human Mars mission may operate, with the crew able to remain in orbit and deploy to
the surface. Before the first human expeditions to Mars, it is critical to acquire operational trust
in this system on the Moon. But there is still one major question left out. Where will the Artemis
three astronauts land? Well the exact landing site hasn;t been decided yet and it depends on several
factors such as the launch date and specific science objectives. NASA is collaborating with the
global science community to investigate various regions that provide key desired characteristics
such as access to significant sunlight, which provides minimal temperature variations and may
be the only power source; continuous line-of-sight to Earth for mission support communications; mild
grading and surface debris for safe landing and walking or roving mobility; and close proximity
to permanently shadowed regions, some of which are thought to contain resources. NASA will collect
even more surface data through science research as part of the CLPS effort, which will assist
identify additional regions of interest for human exploration. For instance, investigation results
from VIPER, the robotic scout, may also offer valuable information for landing site decisions.
The HLS will transport up to 220 pounds (100 kilogramme) of research gear and equipment to
the surface, with the intention of returning up to 87.5 lbs (35 kg) of samples. More supplies may be
deposited on the surface before the crew arrives, depending on the results of an earlier test of
the lander's descent stage. Furthermore, our CLPS suppliers may be utilized to transport pre-placed
science instruments and equipment for our first human return team to use while exploring the
lunar surface. Following the completion of this historic trip on the lunar surface, the crew will
launch from the surface to rendezvous with Orion and their crewmates in lunar orbit. The team will
prepare for the three-day voyage back to Earth with their perfectly preserved Moon samples.
All of the three artemis missions are very crucial for the successful return of humans to the moon.
We will even see private companies joining the human landing club in the future,
but the foundation will be laid by these three missions. Each of the three missions is as
important as the other. The Artemis missions will be one of the most ambitious missions for NASA
in the last few decades. The stakes can never get higher. NASA has to not only land humans back to
the moon by 2024, but also make it sustainable in the long-term. So what do you think about the
three Artemis missions? What generational change will it bring in young minds? Let us know in the
comment section below. Also there will be many more updates coming up in the near future. The
SLS is already sitting on the Launch pad. So if you don’t want to miss out on the upcoming updates
of the Artemis mission, make sure you subscribe to our channel and press that bell notification!