Hi, I am Daniel Smith, the Southwest Regional
of the University of Wisconsin Nutrient and Pest Management program at the
Madison campus. Today I'm going to talk
about preventing cover crops from
becoming the next week problem. Cover
crops have increasing interest to many
Wisconsin farmers, and farmers in the
Upper Midwest region due to the many agronomic
benefits. Cover crops interest is
increasing as are the challenges to cover
crop termination. A recent survey
conducted by SARE and CITC, and
published in their 2015 cover crop annual
report shows that about 5% farmers are
concerned the cover craops will become a
weed the following year. Some of the
other concerns the farmers' had include:
no measurable economic returns, selecting
the right species cover crop, seeds cost,
time and labor requirements are increased
to manage these cover crops, and
establishment. The same survey also asked
farmers to identify their cover crop
termination method. And about 5%
identified mowing as their termination method
and almost 60% identified they
use the herbicide. Tillage and roller
crimping options are also identified in the
survey. And about 25%
selected cover crops that
winterkill. Don't let your cover cops
come spring weeds, and if they are not
managed properly then they will become
spring weeds and produce problems in the
future. The first photo shows winter rye
an annual rye grass in the mature form in
early May. The second photo shows that we
easily control these with a herbicide
application. These cover crops can also
be controlled by a variety of actions
show in the next few slides. Italian
ryegrass also known as the annual
ryegrass is a concern Wisconsin. Farmers
are planting the species as a cover
crop. However in 14 states it has shown
resistance to 5 herbicide site of action
groups. These are also states where some
of the rye grass
seed is produced.
So we should use annual with caution and
have a management plan to deal with any
escape that may occur.
Cover crops produce seeds, usually pretty
quick in the spring, and they quickly
flower and produce viable seed. Cover
crops can also overwinter from seed and
these include rye, buckwheat and vetch.
Buckwheat is a particular concern for
seed production because they can produce
seed in as little as 60 days from
germination. And vetch should be a concern in
no-till systems for both a management
aspects for the residue, and it has a
hard see that can last
for several years. The first photo shows
mature winter rye seed head, and the
second photo shows mature annual rye grass seed head.
The Midwest cover crop console has an
online selection tool that we can use
to select cover crops based on
characteristics that we have. And this
can give us a good idea of what cover
crop species to select and then we can
look further into the species to see
what kind of management they may include
so for this example I told us calendar
calendar and Wisconsin I selected my
cash crops corn grain with a planned
date of April 30 i have a harvest date
of october 15 on well-drained soil and I
want a nice and scavenger a total
builder and then elite fighters monetary
goal so I want to look in that October
15 slit window and floor Wisconsin's
columbia county and the oceans a good
option and went awry may also be an
option but if i look at some of those
species really planting that October
15-2 just too late unless i do an
interesting there overseeing
establishment method because I drop out
there earlier than the fall harvest plan
to cover trap too late in the season the
little essentially way seed money and
time and effort that the farmer you want
to properly select a cover crop species
based on the crops that were trying to
match with it
we also want to consider when we
selected a cover crop species is a
little or not and we have several
species in Wisconsin that always winter
kill with a few that major winter kill
and we have some that always winter
overwintered these species include
winter wheat went awry hairy vetch red
clover white clover the ones that are
maybe going to want it
good and the ryegrass great speed comes
in clover and sweet clover and these
should be concerned about how the
management plan to deal with in case
they do over winter and then the most
common cover crop so when it closed want
to kill include oats radish field Pete
calpis look at 70 species that may be
wondering your i graphed the pocket
covercraft that may not always over land
in 2013-14 win it
I had a trial off the arms and
Agriculture Research Station where I had
multiple varieties designer ryegrass
three out of the four varieties survive
winter the following year I had the same
trial and all the species when it killed
so it's important to understand what
cover crops to planting out in the field
and if those species man may not over
winter and have a management plan for
that this table what identifies the
recommended determination methods for
non legumes Jessica's and William cover
crops this table also identifies was a
cover travel winterkill the roller
covers the determination options molding
and the determination option villages an
option in the astral indicates that
village may be needed for multiple
passes to fully incorporate the cover
crops to prevent future growth and then
what kind of herbicide which is
potentially select to burn that cover
crop down where you lied to her decide
to terminate cover cop there's several
termination considerations that we
should follow we should always turn
their cover cap following a harvest
different artists that without for
forage and this is because there's legal
label restrictions between the time that
we apply herbicides and a time to
retreat cover crop so we want to make
sure that we follow all those labels
ships next slide out walk through some
of potential restrictions we want to
consider our cover crop species for gas
we do normal humans and mixtures all
require different herbicides to use to
effectively terminate them and we may
need to use a mixture of her besides to
effectively terminate the different
species plus any weeds that we made
growing within the cover crop cover crop
growth stage is also an important
consideration in the taller the cover
crop is potentially the highly-rated
herbicide we made need to kill the cover
cop matching our bird down product that
we're going to find her besides it cover
crop species to the weed species that
are present in the field and then we
also should consider the tropicana plant
song that comes out to avoid inclined
back restrictions weather conditions may
play a role in it how effective the
herbicide is and then whether we're
using a contact your translocated to
decide they also affect efficacy so let
me look at weather and herbicides we
should determining our cover crops
during a period of active growth and
this is determined by day and nighttime
temperatures should be at least 55
degrees fahrenheit in the day and for
your easter night night and they should
be above these temperatures for the past
three days prior to and passed through
the site application to allow the
herbicide to take full effect
application should also 24 hours prior
to sunset if we look at feeding our
cover crops and using those 44 strap
those restrictions that we should be
mindful of when it comes to test
applications cover cropping the vine is
one-nil biomass terrorists however the
cover-up becomes a forge cropland
biomass is harvested and most labels do
not have any information uncovered top
data only for adoptees we should plan
for pesticide applications and
restrictions there to example herbicide
labels we look at and we should always
remember that the herbicide label is the
law and it's a legal requirement that we
follow these the label can be used as a
guide for cover crop establishment when
there's no harvesting taking place but
when the harvest Cup is going to be
harvested
it's a legal requirement that we follow
so if we look at the label on the Left
we see that we cannot rotate to the
crops rotated look below for at least 12
months barley oats ride or winter read
maybe planted four and a half months
following treatment we look at the
second service that example we come down
a small grains
literally it had a typical rotation
restriction of 11 months and 18 months
that we use that highest rate of product
we move onto an example and look at
establishing went awry
we have two products that we're going to
five pre-emergence on may first the
first try it allows us to leave four and
a half months
chapter 15 we can establish winter rye
in the following spring is located
target set to forge value the second
product we're going to apply the same on
may first to a different field but we
have to wait 11 months if you want to
use that cover crop for forage crop
value however it's still legal to plant
a cover crop on sep tember 15 we just no
longer have that for Jarvis says an
option at this point we also be taking a
risk if there be any injury to the cover
crop they do the liability of the farmer
so we would have to terminate the cover
crop and lead after wait until april
first the following here to plant the
same crop is a forge top value we're
several trials that we did the elements
in a culture research station over the
past two years to come to dial in on the
best termination practices for any rider
after winter ride these are randomized
complete block studies that are
replicated for x over 2 years to look at
the f seat of herbicide rate and timing
on Android gasps and winter riding a
very forage system
oh we is important to note that in your
eyes astronaut overwinter the second
year study so we look at this first
table this is 2014-2015 Riley charges
trial that dry biomass in percent in
cover winter ride two weeks after
termination treatment at the Islander
culture research station time in a was a
mid-may timing and tiny little late
timing at Fulham pieces of winter ride
we look at the harvest value of the
harvest was done through a mechanical
harvester we mowed off the plotting
ripped off the biomass simili a four
charges and the glass state was applied
at 32 fluid ounces per acre with a
backpack sprayer if you look at timing
eh
where we do not harvest and we only use
the high-speed application we could say
that we significantly terminated that
cover trout both were to ride in your
ryegrass now if we want to move down and
we want to just harvest that cover crop
and see if we can effectively terminate
that cover crop without a herbicide we
can look at our data to conclude that
the cover crop biomass of those which
arriving in dried grasses decreased
however in a rivalry grow very quickly
after harvest so we would need to have a
second termination passing your exams
the second timing we did also conclude
that harvest was an option however in
her eyes as quickly regroup after
harvest and harvesting plus life state
was effective terminating both species
and the glassy state was always applied
post-termination of the mowing
application so we do not need all that
biomass out in the field to have life
States work effectively on went awry or
any recognized that concludes that in a
Dairy system we can go out and harvest
these cops to flourish value in the same
day we can go out and make sure the site
application and have full a sufficiency
of the product under ideal weather
conditions with several pictures we can
kind of see that regrowth this entire
thing and there no life state
application to accept your harvest the
other manual not a biomass leftover and
regrowth from one your eye and in the
back we show in a red dress and a tree
grew to almost the same height as it was
prior to treatment and move on to irish
plus glad to see you can see that very
little residue was left in those plots
we spread those the same day as we modes
those plots off and we had great
termination with no regrets in those
plots and then finally is really glad to
stay alone for not going to harvest
those pots cause life's 849 highlight
those pots for value we just applied
like say to those we're able to knock
those cover crops down the point where
just a minor plant your modification
could easily plan to that residue this
child also looked at the different rates
of glyphosate we had rates and timing so
this slide shows that device state rate
trial & % cover means for winter ryan
and write that species by timing for two
weeks
determination at Darlington Agriculture
Research Station we have our three times
time in a little early May time in
deland mid-may and tiny CC was late May
around four and pieces of winter rye and
we can see that a timing be and see what
most effective that reducing that went
awry biomass in percent cover in those
first two weeks holiday after three
weeks all the termination treatments
effectively terminated when arrive we
look at anti-graft all three timing did
a great job at controlling and I grass
moving on to look at herbicide rate a
little bit more potato message is we can
use either 8 16 or flute fluid ounces or
32 fluid ounces of life States 4.5
pounds equals the formulation to
effectively control whether INRI grass
and they should select those rates based
on other week President out in the field
as well our take-home message for an
authorized ask is that it may require
multiple applications the herbicide
still if we're not targeting these
species under ideal weather conditions
take mixmag technologies control and it
and ride it may not always overlooked in
wisconsin we look at winter rye a winner
i may also require multiple herbicide
applications depending on when we select
the timings and the weather conditions
which arise is always winter hardiness
concentration of applying to the control
and typical controls desired prior to
heading but this is when it's more
difficult to control so we should up
consider our timing of service that I'd
application is a critical portion of
this winter I recommendation we should
also terminate following forage
harvester in all cases covers out
termination crop insurance are also
important consideration so we should
always check our current wisconsin in
USDA and SPF guidelines for a crafting
strange human and cover crop termination
guidelines for not irrigated fields
currently those rules require the cover
County terminated within five days of
planning insured crop and for irrigated
fields crap these rules require the
covercraft determination based on crack
system and conservation purposes but
prior to dropping merchants always check
your policy and ask questions to your
comp insurance agent
we have application on the nutrient pest
management website that details
determination winter rye and in your
ideas using licensee trial methods and
procedures along with the complete data
set forth at trial
another great resources imagine cover
crops profitably this is the 3rd edition
published by Sayre and that goes into
some detailed information about each
species and how we should control that
species as long as some of the benefits
of the species and maybe even some of
the problems associated with the species
that's a great reference to refer to for
more information on individual cover
counts if I really have a new website
for cover crops in Wisconsin and that
can be found to the UW extension webpage
and with that concludes my presentation
on terminating cover Falcon presenting
Kelly caption becoming future weed
problem and I'd welcome any questions of
the following email and