Where would we be without our particle accelerators?
For decades, these incredible machines operated almost on the fringes of science… occasionally
making the mainstream news thanks to some far out and difficult to imagine subatomic
breakthrough, but otherwise carrying an air of mystery and the unknown.
Nowadays, though, we’re getting to know the quantum realm better than ever before,
in finer and finer detail, and particle accelerators are never far from the headlines.
And that’s certainly the case with this latest, ground-breaking development.
This is Unveiled, and today we’re answering the extraordinary question; did scientists
just detect the world’s first neutrinos?
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First things first, what is a neutrino?
It’s an elementary particle that’s incredibly tiny, even by subatomic standards.
It’s neutral, with an extremely low mass, and it’s governed by extremely weak physical
interactions.
All of which means that neutrinos seemingly have very little impact on the world around
them - although they remain vital members of the subatomic structure.
They represent the building blocks of matter at its most fundamental.
But they’re also traditionally very difficult to detect (even indirectly) because they’re
so small, light, and physically quiet.
Talk of neutrinos first came about in around the 1930s, largely through the work of the
Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli - at about the same time as so many other, slightly bigger
subatomic particles were also being mapped out.
It was Enrico Fermi, though, who reportedly first coined the term “neutrino”.
In those early days, the neutrino was a theoretical concept only… until various experiments
started yielding tangible results so as to prove its existence.
For example, it wasn’t until the 1990s that scientists were able to confirm that neutrinos
did have a mass.
Until then they were assumed to be massless, so difficult had it been to measure them.
Although many years have passed still with nothing by way of a direct observation of
neutrinos, then, scientists have long been confident that they are there.
And, because these particles are so unaffected by the world around them, we know that they
can pass through most things… with one of the most often-cited neutrino trivia titbits
being that literally trillions of them pass through our bodies, every single day.
Once we have a higher understanding of neutrinos, then, it’s thought we might be able to use
that knowledge to develop better, longer-distance and more reliable methods of communication,
for example.
But, more generally than that, it’s hoped that we’ll be able to better understand
how the universe works at that most fundamental level.
In late November 2021, with this goal in mind, a study published by a team working at the
Large Hadron Collider at CERN, in Europe, provided us with the latest update in science’s
ongoing search for neutrinos.
Some reports quickly claimed detection of neutrinos for the first time ever, while others
claimed detection of the signs of neutrinos for the first time ever.
So, what’s really going on?
The LHC experiment in question actually took place in 2018, and it involved the first run
of a prototype of a future accelerator setup called FASER, or Forward Search Experiment.
FASER is scheduled to start full operations in 2022, and according to the test run’s
accompanying, multi-authored paper, published in “Physical Review D” on November 24th,
2021, it’s “designed to directly detect collider neutrinos for the first time”.
Although, in its title, the paper still refers to these early FASER findings as the “first
neutrino interaction candidates [only] at the LHC”.
In simple terms, the experiment involved dense layers of lead and tungsten positioned in
between layers of emulsion.
The particle accelerator was then revved up, the resulting neutrinos were smashed into
the lead and tungsten, and in some cases they left behind measurable marks (or tracks) in
the emulsion… and these are the key bits of data.
The reality is, then, that the FASER prototype still hasn’t directly recorded neutrinos
in action.
These particles are still too small and elusive for that.
But what it has done is measure for signs of neutrino interaction with other particles
of matter, finding at least six examples of it.
One of the study’s co-authors, the physicist Jonathan Feng, said as part of a press release
that; “prior to this project, no sign of neutrinos has ever been seen at a particle
collider”.
It’s another important distinction to make, because the latest results at the LHC don’t
double up as the first neutrinos seen on Earth as a whole.
That’s because we have other facilities, such as the IceCube Neutrino Observatory - another
CERN project, but this time at the South Pole - that have already detected many neutrinos.
It’s just that most of those examples came from space.
From high-energy cosmic events, potentially unfolding lightyears away from us, that beamed
neutrinos in our direction at close to the speed of light.
But now, we’re capturing these elusive particles within our own machines.
They’ve been generated by us, and not by the mighty occurrences of the universe.
What’s exciting, though, is that the November 2021 paper should also prove to be only the
beginning.
According to another of the study’s co-authors, David Casper, once FASER is up and running
to full capacity, it should register “more than ten thousand neutrino interactions”,
compared to the six it clocked this time.
What’s more, researchers intend on using the same setup to further investigate dark
matter, too, now that they know that the general process works.
And there are hopes that it might detect other, new, never-before-seen particles, as well.
As with most experiments at the LHC, the broad goal is clear - to better understand the universe
- but scientists are particularly excited about working with neutrinos because they
kinda represent a lowest-known-level of subatomic study.
An ultimate in elementary particles.
So, what can we expect in the future?
First of all, the levelling up of FASER and more studies published to analyse the neutrino
interaction candidates that it yields, when it runs between 2022 and 2024.
CERN will also no doubt continue its efforts to harvest neutrinos that reach Earth from
space.
NASA, too, has various facilities designed to pick up signs of neutrinos from the sun,
from other high-energy star events, and from other cosmic structures.
Quantum science is so often branded one of the most exciting fields out there because
1) there’s still so much for us to learn, and 2) we appear to be on the brink of learning
a lot of it.
Facilities like the Large Hadron Collider will, naturally, continue to host similarly
innovative experiments… but, still, what’s the endgame?
For many, it’s to reach that holy grail of all science - a theory of everything.
Seeing as, according to our current understanding, you can’t get much smaller nor more fundamental
than a neutrino, experiments like this latest one at the LHC really are stripping back life,
the universe and everything to its most basic components.
And, when we get to that stage, perhaps the deepest secrets of why we’re here… why
anything physically exists… will finally make themselves known.
For a long while now, our first inclination whenever existential questions arise has been
to look to the skies.
That is, to look further out, across the horizon, in the hope that the answers we seek might
be somewhere… out there.
But, while we do continue to look out into space, and with good reason, more and more
scientists are also imploring us to look within.
To forget the biggest things in the universe - like stars, and planets, and galaxies - and
to focus instead on the smallest.
The physicist John D. Barrow famously proposed that we should aim for microdimensional mastery,
as a kind of reverse on the Kardashev Scale.
While the Kardashev way of thinking tells us to search for bigger and bigger signs of
potentially greater and greater civilizations, Barrow’s micro scale tells us to get a better
and better grip on subatomic structures.
With that in mind, the understanding of neutrinos could become crucial.
We’re still a long way from that enlightened future time, but we are now - it would seem
- generating and to a certain degree controlling neutrinos for ourselves.
This latest LHC experiment has lit the way for more just like it, only far bigger and
with far wider consequences.
We are, then, coming to terms with life’s tiniest parts, and who knows what effective
superpowers that could one day grant us?
What would you do if you could break down and understand reality at it’s very, very
smallest?
Although, for now, it’s just a few small marks in the emulsion sheets of a purpose-built
particle accelerator, this is science that could one day change the world.
What do you think?
Is there anything we missed?
Let us know in the comments, check out these other clips from Unveiled, and make sure you
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