we will now use SPSS to generate some infographics spss comes equipped with a
very wide variety of charts and graphics capabilities built into it you can
access this by clicking on graphs in the user interface under the gallery tab in
the dialog box you can see that one can generate bar charts line chart area
charts and several other options we will use the teaching evaluation data from
University of Texas where instructors were evaluated by students our data set
includes information about the instructors the course the teaching
evaluation and the composite score of their beauty as it was perceived by
students let us start by determining how many courses were taught by men and how
many by women for this we can use a bar chart notice here that the information
is rather complete from a statistical point of view that we know how many
courses were taught by men versus women but we do not have some critical
information from this chart as it relates to communication it serves a
statistical purpose but it doesn't serve a communication purpose let me
illustrate this with an example here you're looking at a street map you can
see the streets and the buildings and the highways but what you don't see is
the street names and without street names it is hard to determine where you
are and in which direction you should be heading so to add communication value to
this map even though it is according to the scale it may be accurate in its
depiction of the streets in the neighborhood it still lacks the ability
to communicate information to you just because it's missing the street names a
simple solution would be to just add the street names let us apply the same
philosophy to our graphic but once we add information about this infographic a
title a footnote this chart becomes a little bit more informative in SPSS we
click on graphs and click on legacy dialogues we can do
this with chart builder as well but let's go with legacy dialog and click on
bar and click on simple and pick the variable female instructors and put it
on category axis we just want the number of cases we could have the percentage of
cases but let's just put number of cases we'll just click on titles and type the
titles once we have type that titles and the footnotes we click continue and then
okay our chart appears in the output window now let's repeat this with the
chart builder you click on graph chart builder and then click on the gallery
and select this here and got the right template select gender and if we were to
click OK it will give us the same graph or we click on titles and footnotes
title 1 and type this here and then say apply then we type the footnote and
click on apply and then say okay and our graphic is generated again we can also
add more dimensions to the data it's not just the gender of the instructors we
can add the tenure status of the instructors as well to the graphic we
can add another dimension to the data regenerating the same graphic the same
information that is the number of courses taught by gender & tenure but
then adding per dimension of courses being upper division and lower division
of presenting them in two rows or columns additionally we can even include
another fourth dimension to it so we have the gender the 10-year status the
division status and we can add if the courses were taught by male and female
instructors and whether those instructors were visible minority yes or
no not visible minority we return to SPSS and click on graphs chart builder
and this time we reset and select a different type of the template under the
gallery and drag it into the canvas we click on gender for x axis we drag
gender on x axis and essentially because provide
this is the same graph and then we take tenure and put it on clustering
variable cluster on X and we got that and we could have added the titles if we
wanted so this is the options there I'm just going to plot it here you see that
the information added to the previous graph is now tenure that you have a
breakdown of courses taught by males and females and then an additional bar
color-coded representing how many courses were taught by males who
were tenured versus female so the information that you could see here is
that all of the same number of untenured professors and instructors were male and
female when it comes to tenured instructors more male instructors were
involved in teaching than female instructors now let's add the additional
dimension of division and visible minority status we return to the same
dialog box and here we see the group's for the row panel we select division and
for the column panel we click column here and we select minority status and
click OK and here's the resulting graphic and you can see that in some
instances for example female instructors who are teaching upper division courses
and our visible minority they're only males no females lastly we are
presenting not just accounts but averages we have two types of variables
categorical variables for gender and upper and lower division process and we
would like to find that mean or average teaching evaluations score which is a
continuous variable so when you have categorical and continuous variables and
you would like to show the relationships between the two the choices are in the
bar charts or column charts in SPSS we return to the graphs windows a chart
builder and we reset everything and click on gallery select the right
template click on gender and put it on x axis then we put the grouping variable
or we first put the tenure on the clustering variable and notice it says
count here but what we really want is the mean evaluation score so we take the
teaching evaluations score and drop it here and it changes into mean teaching
the valuation score click click on groups and select role panels and select
division and drop it here and here you go what we have is the average teaching
evaluations score differentiated by gender and also by division and you
could see that untenured male instructors teaching lower division
courses are getting the highest teaching evaluation score