The Lockheed Martin X-35 was an experimental aircraft developed by Lockheed Martin for
the Joint Strike Fighter Program. It was declared the winner over the Boeing X-32 and went on
to enter production in the early 21st century as the F-35 Lightning II.
Development
The Joint Strike Fighter evolved out of several requirements for a common fighter to replace
existing types. The actual JSF development contract was signed on 16 November 1996. The
JSF program was created to replace various aircraft while keeping development, production,
and operating costs down. This was pursued by building three variants of one aircraft,
sharing 80% of their parts. The first is the F-35A, a conventional takeoff
and landing variant. It is the smallest and lightest version, and is intended primarily
to replace the U.S. Air Force's aging F-16 Fighting Falcons and A-10 Thunderbolt IIs.
This is the only version with an internal gun, the GAU-22. This 25 mm cannon is an
upgrade from the 20 mm M61 Vulcan carried by USAF fighters since the F-104 Starfighter.
Deliveries were scheduled to begin in 2011. The F-35B is the short-takeoff and vertical-landing
variant due to replace the U.S. Marine Corps AV-8 Harrier IIs and F/A-18 Hornets, and Royal
Air Force/Royal Navy Harrier GR7/GR9s beginning in 2012. The Royal Navy will use this to replace
its Harrier GR7s and the RAF replace its Harrier GR9s. The U.S. Marine Corps will use the F-35B
to replace both its AV-8B Harrier IIs and F/A-18 Hornets with a design similar in size
to the Air Force F-35A, trading fuel volume for vertical flight systems. Like the Harrier,
guns will be carried in a pod. Vertical flight is by far the riskiest, and in the end, a
decisive factor in design. Lastly, the F-35C, a carrier-based variant, will replace the
"legacy" F/A-18 Hornets and serve as a stealthy complement to the FF Super Hornet. It will
have a larger, folding wing and larger control surfaces for improved low-speed control, and
stronger landing gear for the stresses of carrier landings. The larger wing area provides
increased range and payload, achieving much the same goal as the much heavier Super Hornet.
The U.S. Navy plans to purchase 480 JSF, with deliveries scheduled to start in 2012.
The primary customers and financial backers are the United States and the United Kingdom.
Eight other nations are also funding the aircraft's development and will decide in 2006 or later
whether or not to purchase it. Total program development costs, less procurement, are estimated
at over US$40 billion, of which the bulk has been underwritten by the United States. Production
costs are estimated at US$102 million per unit for 2,400 units.
There are three levels of international participation. The United Kingdom is the sole 'Level 1' partner,
contributing slightly over US$2 billion, about 10% of the development costs. Level 2 partners
are Italy, which is contributing US$1 billion, and the Netherlands, US$800 million. At Level
3 are Canada, US$440 million; Turkey, US$175 million; Australia, US$144 million; Norway,
US$122 million; and Denmark, US$110 million. The levels generally reflect the financial
stake in the program, the amount of technology transfer and subcontracts open for bid by
national companies, and the priority order in which countries can obtain production aircraft.
Israel and Singapore have also joined as Security Cooperative Participants.
Design Elements of the F-35 design were pioneered
by the F-22 Raptor. In June 1994, Lockheed revealed that it had entered into a collaborative
relationship with Yakovlev on their bid for the Joint Advanced Strike Technology competition,
consisting of the purchase of design data from the Russian company; according to Jane's
All the World's Aircraft 2000–2001 this was data from the cancelled Yak-141 program
which employed a similar propulsion system. Although helmet-mounted display systems have
already been integrated into some fourth-generation fighters such as the JAS 39 Gripen, the F-35
will be the first modern combat aircraft in which helmet-mounted displays will replace
a head-up display altogether.
Instead of lift engines or rotating nozzles on the engine fan like the Harrier, the F-35B
uses an innovative shaft-driven lift fan, patented by Lockheed Martin employee Paul
Bevilaqua, and developed by Rolls-Royce. Somewhat like a turboprop embedded into the fuselage,
engine shaft power is diverted forward via a clutch-and-bevel gearbox to a vertically
mounted, contra-rotating lift fan located forward of the main engine in the center of
the aircraft. Bypass air from the cruise engine turbofan exhausts through a pair of roll-post
nozzles in the wings on either side of the fuselage, while the lift fan balances the
vectoring cruise nozzle at the tail. The F-35B powerplant effectively acts as a flow multiplier,
much as a turbofan achieves efficiencies by moving unburned air at a lower velocity, and
getting the same effect as the Harrier's huge, but supersonically impractical main fan. Like
lift engines, this added machinery is dead weight during flight, but increased lifting
power increases takeoff payload by even more. The cool fan also reduces the harmful effects
of hot, high-velocity air which can harm runway pavement or an aircraft carrier deck. Though
risky and complicated, it was made to work to the satisfaction of DoD officials.
During concept definition, two Lockheed airframes were flight-tested: the Lockheed X-35A, and
the larger-winged X-35C. Both the Boeing X-32 and X-35 power plants were derived from Pratt
& Whitney's F119, with the STOVL variant of the latter incorporating a Rolls-Royce Lift
Fan module. Operational history
Evaluation On 20 July 2001, to demonstrate the X-35's
unique capability, the X-35B STOVL aircraft took off in less than 500 feet, went supersonic,
and landed vertically. The contract for System Development and Demonstration
was awarded on 26 October 2001 to Lockheed Martin, whose X-35 beat the Boeing X-32.
Aircraft on display The X-35A was converted into the X-35B for
the STOVL part of the competition. It now resides at the National Air and Space Museum
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, near Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia.
Following the end of the competition, the X-35C was transferred to the Patuxent River
Naval Air Museum in St Mary's county, Maryland, where it reposes near the X-32B STOVL prototype.
Specifications Some information is estimated.
Data from Lockheed Martin General characteristics
Crew: 1 Length: 50 ft 6 in
Wingspan: 35 ft 0 in Height: 17 ft 4 in
Wing area: 459.6 ft2 Empty weight: 26,000 lb
Loaded weight: 44,400 lb Max. takeoff weight: 60,000 lb
Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney F135 afterburning turbofan coupled to Rolls-Royce Lift System
to give 18,000 lbf lift thrust Dry thrust: 28,000 lbf
Thrust with afterburner: 43,000 lbf
Performance Maximum speed: Mach 1.6
Range: approx. 1,200 nmi on internal fuel Rate of climb: 315m/s
Wing loading: 91.4 lb/ft² Thrust/weight: 0.968 with full fuel, 1.22
with 50% fuel See also
Fourth generation jet fighter Future Offensive Air System
Joint Combat Aircraft Related development
F-35 Lightning II Aircraft of comparable role, configuration
and era Boeing X-32
British Aerospace P.125 Rockwell-MBB X-31
Yakovlev Yak-141 Related lists
List of fighter aircraft List of experimental aircraft
List of military aircraft of the United States References
Notes
Bibliography
External links "Battle of the X-Planes", Nova, PBS .
F-35 JSF news articles, F-16 . Gallery, LMTAS, archived from the original
on Oct 27, 2005 . program difficulties, The Australian, 28 June
2006, archived from the original on Jun 28, 2006 .
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, The Federation of American Scientists .