Transcriber: Marcia de Brito Reviewer: Ariana Bleau Lugo
This was the first title I thought of for this talk,
"Beethoven as Bill Gates". Does that make sense?
Maybe not, OK, so think about that.
Being an educator, I am going to tell you the story,
and then you'll figure it out for yourselves.
So the second thought I had was that I would tell the story
of the history of music delivery.
Literally, from the beginning, from pounding rocks to pounding rock.
So the good news about this is the first 10,000 years,
just sailed by, so for 10,000 years if you want to make music
you literally pick up rocks, later instruments, those sorts of things.
This goes on for a very long time.
Gradually in the West, mostly we start to get a performing class,
people who were experts, who were really good at pounding rocks.
So, by the 18th century, we're still basically doing this.
We have a class of experts, professionals,
who play very expensive instruments, for the most part,
things like the organ, complicated instruments,
and if you wanted to hear music in the 18th century,
it was live. You had to go to a concert.
You had to go to church, you had to go to a civic event,
you had to go hear somebody making music live.
So, music always involved social interaction.
There were no headphones you could put on,
there was no iPhone, there was no record player.
If you wanted to hear music you had to get out of the house.
There's really, basically, no music in your house.
So this goes on through the 18th century from the beginning,
and then we have our first disruption.
So these two things actually happened together, these two disruptions.
We get the piano, right?
The piano was a new technology
that really starts to happen in the 18th century,
and then it becomes something that
you could mass produce cheaply.
So you can now have an instrument that's not too expensive,
that everyone can have one,
that you can have at home.
So this allows for a kind of disruption,
but it wouldn't have happened if the second
disruption hadn't happened at the same time,
which is that somebody figured out
how to do cheap music printing.
Remember Gutenberg and the other kind of printing.
Music is a little more complicated.
It took a little longer to figure out
how do I create a cheap way to distribute sheet music?
So in London, at the time of the American revolution,
there are 12 music shops.
By 1800, there are 30.
By 1820 there are 150.
So, the Internet wasn't the first time that's happened.
Because think about what happens when, all of a sudden,
you go from -- if I wanted to hear music,
I've got to go hear Bach, I've got to go hear Mozart.
That meant you had to actually go hear Mozart.
You didn't by a CD of Mozart, you didn't download Mozart,
you couldn't even buy Mozart sheet music,
at least not easily or cheaply.
But if you wanted to hear Mozart or Bach,
you had to go to Germany and go hear them.
But that's not true for Beethoven.
And Beethoven figures out that in fact there's a new market.
Beethoven is an entrepreneur,
not unlike our other friend, Bill Gates.
He's an entrepreneur that figures out, "Hey, I can sell,
I don't have to actually go to London.
I can actually just sell sheet music.
And it can be printed, and mass distributed,
and I will be famous everywhere.
Everybody else will play my music."
So that changes the experience of music for everybody.
It changes the variety, it changes the global pyramid,
it changes all sorts of things.
It creates a new class of musicians,
of composers and performers, a division of labor.
Bach, if you hire Bach to play for your wedding, guess who shows up?
Bach. That's what he does for a living, right?
He has no way to expand his business.
But Beethoven does. So then this happens again.
It happens 100 years later, so you're starting to see a theme.
By the turn of the century it's an interesting time for music delivery.
So 100 years later, we get the record player, the gramophone, the piano player.
Now, instead of having to -- you could buy Rachmaninoff sheet music,
but if you wanted to hear Rachmaninoff,
you had to actually go to the concert hall.
Not anymore. Now you can buy a record
of Rachmaninoff, or you can buy a player piano,
and a roll that fits into another kind of recording device.
And later the radio. So think about this.
You're a band in Texas, you're Doc Ross in Texas,
and you got the Texas big band market, you got it nailed.
And all of a sudden there's this little thing called radio.
And now everybody can hear Count Basie and Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman.
Man, the competition just sucks now.
All of a sudden the competition has gone global,
just like it does a hundred years later,
with the iPod, the Internet and digital files, and Garage Band,
that do all of these things all over again.
So now, maybe we can talk about these two guys.
So first of all, both of these guys are entrepreneurs,
but second of all, both of these guys are software designers.
That's what Beethoven does.
He writes software that runs on that piece of hardware over there.
That's a piece of hardware, that's a device that you can use,
if you have my piece of paper.
If you have sheet music, does it sound good?
No, it's a piece of paper.
It only makes music - it's like floppy disks, they weren't very useful.
You can use them as coasters, I guess.
But they're not very useful on their own.
So both Beethoven and Bill Gates are software designers.
So, what's interesting is that they also both live at a time
where the hardware is changing very quickly.
Those of you who are old enough to remember,
go back to the '90s, go back to Windows whatever,
and remember your joy and your love of Bill Gates,
as every time a new software package came out,
you had to get a new computer.
So, guess what, when Beethoven started writing music,
he had this instrument up on top, with 5 octaves.
This one's bigger, it's got more pedals,
it's louder, it can do more stuff.
When Beethoven starts off,
he doesn't have a piano that can do this.
He actually just cannot do this. He can't go --
(Musical chords)
Can't do that.
So, in 1803 a French piano maker -
now, think of how smart this is.
If you're a piano maker,
into whose hands do you want to get that piano?
Composers. Artists who will use that technology
and make everybody else have to adopt your technology.
It's like sending Bill Gates your fastest, latest computer,
'cause you know he'll use up all the memory. (Laughter)
So, in 1803 Erard sends Beethoven a new piano,
and it has more notes, and it can do that.
So the first thing Beethoven does is, he writes a piece that can do that.
So if you've got a German or a Viennese piano,
or a British piano, it can't do that.
So, what do you do?
You've gone to the music store.
And you've bought the latest Beethoven piano sonata,
and you take it home, and you've got a 5-octave piano,
that was the brand spanking new, latest technology last year.
You start playing that new Beethoven piano song. What happens?
Not enough notes! You run out of room.
So, in fact, Beethoven has the same relationship
with his audience that Bill Gates does.
He's a software producer,
and he has to deal with the hardware.
And what's interesting about this is that
Beethoven was actually smarter than Bill Gates.
So when Beethoven gets his new Erard piano,
he immediately starts writing his third piano concerto,
he goes and he gives a concert, he writes and uses all those extra notes.
But what does he do when he goes and he gives a concert?
He has to take the piano with him.
Because it's the only piano he has in Vienna that actually has those extra notes.
So he plays the concerto on the piano. It's great.
But he realizes, oh, wait,
not everybody has one of these latest things.
So he publishes piano sonatas, he waits.
He delays for the next 10 years, he still publishes
piano sonatas that don't use the extra notes.
He actually waits, because he's -- People think,
everything you know about Beethoven, basically wrong.
Beethoven was a very clever entrepreneur,
so the music that he wrote for the popular market,
not the pieces he was going to play himself,
but the piano sonatas, he limits himself
to the amount of keys that you have at home in
some part of Southern Italy where you have last year's piano.
So, what are the effects of these disruptions in music technology?
How do composers, how do people respond?
So we've had 3 of these things, and they really all worked the same way.
We started off with printing and the piano.
So the very first thing that happens is, it redefines the product.
So the product becomes sheet music,
becomes a piece of paper that you can then take home.
In the 20th Century it becomes a record,
something that you then take home.
In the 21st Century it becomes the digital files.
The nature of the product changes.
Second, there's a division of labor.
If you want to hire, listen to Bach,
you've got to go listen to Bach.
There's no other way to do this.
In the 20th century, in the 19th century,
we've got performers and we've got composers,
people who do different things. We have listeners
who can now manipulate music like you just saw.
It changes expectations of quality.
Once everybody's heard Count Basie and Benny Goodman,
maybe you're not quite so happy
with your local band as much anymore.
You've now heard -- I want to go listen to Benny Goodman some more.
You have now a global market.
You can hear things that you didn't use to hear.
Every time this happens we take away some social interaction.
With Beethoven, you can now play Beethoven at home.
You can't play Mozart at home.
But with Beethoven you can buy the sheet music, you can go home,
you can close the door, and you can play the piano.
And only you are there, right?
Now you have headphones to do the same thing.
With each of these disruptions, it changes the amount of social interaction.
It's a new personalized experience each time.
I can play Beethoven the way I want to.
I can play it faster, I can play it slower.
I can actually personalize the experience now.
There's more consumer choice, the marketplace gets bigger.
The number of titles on sale on those music stores goes up.
But there's also less choice, because on a Global Pyramid
you can't always tell what you want.
There's so much choice out there. How do you pick?
And so marketing starts to come in and who is the flavor of the month?
There's one more thing that's not on the list.
Piracy.
One of Haydn and Chopin's biggest worries,
is that people were going to write fake Chopin
and put Chopin on it.
And you think Chopin would have been comforted by the fact,
Hey, 20% of the people who buy fake Chopin are more likely to go buy real Chopin.
Well, I don't know. (Laughter)
But Chopin, another clever entrepreneur, you know what he does?
He publishes his music in Italy, in France,
in Germany and in England on the same day,
because there's no international copyright.
So he's got to have everything published on the same day.
And he puts differences in every country.
So if you're playing Chopin, the additions
from different countries are different on purpose.
Because he want to be able to track who is a pirate.
So, this wasn't something that Sony thought of.
So, the question is, is this new technology,
it makes more choice for more people, it makes it more global,
but it also allows more piracy.
It also allows for people to have a marketing filter.
They have some way to interact that's not always direct.
So the next time somebody says, you know,
"Nothing like the Internet ever happened."
Well, it's true, but these kinds of disruptions
in music technology have happened before.
And the model for these disruptions is the same
as we see in other kinds of businesses.
It changes the nature of the product.
So if you're in book publishing, you thought you were
in book publishing because of these things called books.
Well, you can still sell novels without books.
You can still be in the music business
even though you're not in the record business.
Because you were selling records only because
that was the technology that you inherited.
Newspaper business, dead. But journalism isn't dead.
And finally, schools. School is the next big horizon,
because, what are we in the business of?
Schools used to be like buying gas or buying food.
They had to have local entry points all over the place.
But now, with the Internet, we have a different distribution system.
And so schools have got to think about what we're selling.
But I think that the face to face interaction, is not going to go away.
There's still something of value here, as we've demonstrated today,
because we're at this thing called TED,
where we still want to get to know each other.
Thank you very much.
(Applause)