>>James: Digital media, video games in particular,
work just like we know books work.
You know, it's all the stuff that you know
about literacy is true of digital media.
>>One thing that a lotta people who are not into games are not aware
of is that today, in the way that people game socially is,
the game is not the only thing at stake, right?
And if you're gonna contemplate the possible use of games
or digital media for learning about learning, you really have to say,
"Wait a minute, don't just look at the game.
There's more going on."
Now, so I'm gonna show you what it is.
>>All right, this is World of Warcraft, 15 million people.
This is the most played multiplayer game now in the world.
It's a role playing game that has some interesting properties.
Role playing means you have to play this with other people.
You don't have to, but you do play this with other people.
The basic unit is five people.
Now in each of the five people, each one has to have a deep skill set,
which they've chosen to specialize in those skills,
and it has to be different than the other four.
So you cannot bring in to the so called dungeons, that is,
where you're going to go play and do challenges and fight--
you can't bring in five people with the same skill set.
The problems are designed that they're hard,
and they can only be solved if you integrate five different skill sets.
See, so I was a priest, a healer.
You bring in five priests to a dungeon
and you die in two seconds, right?
So the idea, first of all, is each person must be deeply skilled
in one skill set, but has to understand the big picture,
so they can integrate their skill set
with the very different skill sets of the other people.
Now why is this interesting?
Because in the world of high tech work,
this is called a cross functional team.
If you go look at the new capitalism and high tech workplaces,
they're almost all organized in cross functional teams,
which means every member of the team has to be an absolute expert,
but able to understand everybody else's role so they can integrate
with it, and even replace them if they're gone.
Now in work, this is considered extremely high stress.
Then you go home to play World of Warcraft to do it again.
>>Portal is a game where you use a portal gun
to make an orange or blue portal.
And if you go in one, you come out the other,
and they obey a whole bunch of the laws of physics,
for this world, its own physical laws.
>>So this is a game that is essentially playing
with a certain physics, and it's very interesting,
problem solving, and it's a lot of fun.
>>And people could say, "Well, surely this is good for tacit understanding,
kind of an embodied understanding,"
but it doesn't mean you can say any physics, right?
And you know, as educators, say, "Well,
you can't articulate your physics, so what good is it?"
What those people are missing is
that games today are only half the picture, because what happens
in any game that people get passionate
about is they play the game and then they get interested in going
on an internet site, which I will call an affinity space,
I'll tell you why, and discussing that game, modifying the game,
researching it, and explicating everything about it, right?
>>And so, you get stuff, the first portal, like this.
This is a group of people who play Portal who decided to make a Wiki
to explicate all the physics in it.
There are links, like in momentum, to actual physical definitions
and physics textbooks and physics articles.
>>So now you see, whoa, far from there being no articulation
and language of the knowledge being developed in the game,
there's a whole community devoted to doing just that.
>>These games give rise to these people that get on the internet
and begin to use quite technical, specialist language,
like you just saw, right?
>>That is not vernacular English, right?
You wouldn't talk that way at the dinner table.
It's what people call academic language,
or what I will call specialist language.
Now this is the only piece of true gobbledygook I have in this talk
and it's sad, but this is the way psychologists write.
It's why they don't have friends.
But yet the point is just really crucial.
This is from a body of research that's now about twenty years old
that shows that when human beings understand anything,
whether it's a text or the world, they understand it not
by abstract generalities, but by literally being able to run
in their head a simulation of images and actions
and experiences that the words refer to.
And it turns out, and every teacher here is gonna say,
"I could have told you that," when a human being is doing that is
when they are thinking, because they have to get ready to take an action
that they want to take, and they want that action
to succeed, they think really well.
But when you ask them to think about stuff,
but there's no action they're gonna take,
and they don't really care what the outcome is, they think very poorly.
>>You see, in American law, there's a very interesting legal principle
that is completely wrong, called opportunity to learn.
Courts have ruled, two kids had the same opportunity to learn
if they got the same book.
But in fact, I'm saying that if one kid has ten thousand hours
of experience with the stuff the book's about, like ten thousand hours
of playing Portal-- that's what the language is about--
that kid has a much better opportunity to learn than the kid
that has fourteen minutes or seconds, right?
That opportunity to learn is not the book.
It's whether you can bring experience to the book.
>>When I first started to play video games, I was brand new,
I was in my fifties and I was shocked at how hard they were.
And like any good baby boomer, I said, "Okay, I can handle this.
I'll read the manual first," and I sat
down to read this little twenty page book.
And the twenty page book had one hundred
and ninety-nine bolded headings, each cross referenced to the other hundred
and ninety-eight that were technical definitions.
But I did what every kid would do,
I went and played the game for hours, terribly.
And then the weirdest thing happened to me.
I picked this book up right there and I could no longer recover why
that wasn't crystal clear.
I couldn't even recover it anymore, because I have seen in the game,
an image, an action, an experience, a goal, a dialog, that fit those words.
See, these words are about a world, and if you haven't lived
in that world, and you can't see it in your mind, these are just words.
You can look them up in a dictionary, which is completely useless.
>>And it struck me at that day that the key problem of our schools,
more now with No Child Left Behind,
is it's full of manuals without the games.
We have handed kids all the manuals without the games.
And imagine, now if you did that to gamers, there'd be a revolution.
>>There isn't any such thing as technical, hard language.
There's only language you don't know because you didn't live in its world,
you didn't play its game.
Therefore, in theory, we could level the playing field for the first time
in American education if we brought the games to the manuals,
and I don't mean a video game.
If we brought the activities, the problem solving,
the living in the worlds of chemistry and algebra,
with making kids want to do things with them.
That is, to see them as tools,
to surmise new possibilities, that's the game.
And if we brought those to school, they'd like it as well as Portal.