(jazz piano music)
- [Beth] We're in the Glass Pavilion,
which is part of the Toledo Museum of Art,
and we're looking at a phenomenal punch bowl.
Not only is this enormous,
but it's also drop-dead gorgeous.
It was made for the World's Fair in St. Louis in 1904,
which commemorated the 100th year anniversary
of the Louisiana Purchase.
This must have been a showstopper.
- [Diane] This was made to showcase
all of the skill and artistry
that the Libbey glassmakers had to offer.
- [Beth] Libbey is a glass company
based here, in Toledo, Ohio, known as the Glass City.
This cut glass was enormously popular
with the American public.
So, when this was exhibited at the World's Fair,
people really wanted to see it.
- [Diane] Brilliant cut glass
has its heyday from about the 1870s
up until about World War I.
This is the kind of glass
that you would use for fine dining,
that you would give as wedding gifts.
It was greatly admired
and so Libbey would make something like this
to really show off what they could do
in this area of glassmaking.
- [Beth] So this is first blown
and then cut.
- [Diane] You would have people
that have great skills as glassblowers
and, once they've made this tremendous blank,
like a blank slate ready to be cut,
they would hand it off to the glass cutters.
Those were very different skills.
And the glass cutters would mark out a pattern on the bowl.
They would go in and rough out the pattern
to make a slight cut.
Then they would go back and finish the cut
and then you would have to polish this piece,
because when you touched the glass with the cutting wheel,
it would make the surface matte
and you want the surface to be shiny.
And when you cover the entire surface,
it's very difficult to go in and hand polish it.
But in the 19th century,
this would have been dipped in hydrofluoric acid
to give it this final polish and shine.
- [Beth] You have a cutter
who's balancing this very breakable material
and holding it against a wheel, which is spinning,
and he's making fine cuts, sometimes deeper,
sometimes more shallow.
And he's looking through the glass to what he's cutting.
- [Diane] The way you describe it,
you really get a sense of how difficult the process is
and what a tremendous skill it is to be a cutter.
And that's why if you were a glasscutter,
this is all you did.
You spent years and years honing and refining your skills
so that you could be very exacting.
- [Beth] This is a level of craftsmanship
that is hard to imagine today.
I think we're used to things being made by machine.
It's so tempting to stare at this for a very long time.
- [Diane] I think that's the idea.
Yes, you can get lost in the patterns,
in the reflection of the light in the glass
and one of the wonderful things about brilliant cut glass
is that this is a lead-based glass.
So a glass with lead in it has a high refractory index.
So, when you cut it, it allows the light to pass through it
in a way that creates this wonderful brilliance
and you get tremendous reflection,
and you can see that there's a rainbow effect.
It really does create this kind of magical moment
where you get reflection and pattern and light
all working together.
- [Beth] It's transparent but it's filled with color.
- [Diane] Many people would have
a piece of brilliant cut glass that was smaller.
But imagine putting this on your table
in the early 19th century and the lighting might be dim.
You might even have candles on the table.
It would really create this atmosphere.
- [Beth] I like to think about
the setting of the World's Fair.
This is a place where countries had the opportunity
to showcase their art, their technology,
their manufacturing.
And here was the United States
putting forward Libbey's glass punch bowl
as this amazing example
of technology, of craftsmanship, of what America could do.
- [Diane] Glassmaking was America's first industry.
It was one of the first things that was tried here
by the early colonists.
Now, glassmaking had been successful in Europe much earlier.
And now in America,
we're able to show that we can make these objects
that are just as fine
as the companies that are coming out of Europe.
- [Beth] So we have an American company
making beautiful American glass
with craftsmen who are immigrants to this country.
And all of this coalescing here in Toledo,
in the Glass City.
(jazz piano music)