Hallo, Deutschlerner.
This lesson is my 4th and final lesson about German conjunctions.
I’ve already explained coordinating, subordinating and two-part conjunctions, which are all linked
below.
Today I will teach you how to use the German adverbial conjunctions also, dann, trotzdem,
jedoch and a whole lot more with this intermediate German grammar lesson.
These conjunctions are also known by several other names including: conjunction-adverbs,
conjunctional adverbs, Konjunktionaladverbien, conjunctive adverbs, and conjunctivitis.
Ok, that last one is the scientific name for pink eye, but the rest of those were things
people online call these conjunctions.
I’ll call them adverbial conjunctions for consistency purposes, but the other names work, too.
If you want to skip to a particular conjunction, you can find the timestamps linked down below.
This video is sponsored by viewers like you.
If you want to be awesome like these people and support this YouTube channel,
you can do so via the link down below where it says "join".
There you can become a "Channel Member" on this YouTube Channel.
Or if you prefer you can go to patreon.com/mrlantrim.
By becoming either a channel member or a supporter on Patreon, you get access to worksheets, mp3 downloads and more.
Adverbial Conjunctions in German
First, as we did in the other lessons about conjunctions
we have to define what adverbial conjunctions are.
Bad definition first: they are adverbs that act like conjunctions.
That isn’t very helpful.
I would say they are words that are usually considered adverbs, words that modify almost
anything in the sentence with the exception of nouns, but they are used to connect words,
phrases or clauses, like conjunctions do.
For example: trotzdem is usually an adverb.
It means “however” or “nevertheless”.
Seine Mutter ist sehr gemein.
Er ist trotzdem ganz nett.
- His mother is very mean.
He is very nice, however.
In this sentence “trotzdem” simply modifies the other adverbs “ganz” and “nett”.
It is kind of showing the manner in which he is very nice.
You can combine these two sentences and use “trotzdem” as a conjunction for the glue
to hold them together.
Seine Mutter ist sehr gemein, trotzdem ist er ganz nett.
- His mother is very mean, however he is quite nice.
The thing you need to pay attention to is the word order after the conjunction.
With coordinating conjunctions, the word order is not affected.
That would put the verb after “er”, but that isn’t what happened here.
Subordinating conjunctions would require you to move the verb to the end, which is also
not what happened here.
We simply started the clause with “trotzdem” and moved our subject “er” to the other
side of the verb “ist”.
This is the same thing that happens if you start the sentence with any other adverb.
The most common way to do this is with a time element within a sentence.
If you start your sentence with the time, the subject goes to the other side of the
verb.
For example:
Ich gehe heute ins Kino.
- I am going to the movie theater today.
Heute gehe ich ins Kino.
- Today, I am going to the movie theater.
So, adverbs can be placed at the beginning of a sentence or clause and move the subject
to the other side of the verb.
Some of these adverbs can be used as conjunctions, as they can connect one clause to another.
These are what we call adverbial conjunctions.
Let’s get into the list.
There are a ton of adverbs that can be used to connect clauses to each other, but there
are only a handful of them that are actually used in everyday conversations.
I’m going to focus on the ones that are actually used in normal conversations in German
and then at the end, I’ll show you a big list of the other ones and how they are used.
There are five main adverbs that all basically mean “therefore”, “that’s why” or
“hence”.
They are: “daher”, “darum”, “deshalb”, “deswegen” and “somit”.
They each have different uses and subtleties, however.
I could spend an entire video talking about the differences in the different why’s (wieso,
weshalb, warum) in German and the answers to them, but this video already has enough
going on in it without diving into the deep end with that.
Instead I’ll try and explain them in a broad sense, but don’t take this explanation as
the only thing you need to know in order to master these words, as that is not the case.
“daher” is like saying “from that”, “hence” or “as a result”.
It shows the origin of the event.
For example:
Der Schüler hat nichts gelernt, daher hat er die Prüfung nicht bestanden.
- The student didn’t learn anything (study), as a result he didn’t pass the test.
Ich trinke jeden Tag vier Liter Wasser, daher muss ich oft auf die Toilette.
- I drink four liters of water every day, hence I have to go to the bathroom a lot.
“darum” is similar to “daher” in that it could be translated as “because”, but
“darum” carries with it the connotation of “around that” or “about that”.
Sein Hund ist gestorben, darum ist er traurig.
- His dog died, that’s why he is sad.
Die Studentin liest jeden Tag zwei Bücher, darum ist sie sehr klug.
- The student reads two books every day, that’s why she is very smart.
“deshalb” and “deswegen” are difficult to tell apart.
If you can reword the sentence to include the preposition “wegen” instead of the
adverbial conjunction “deswegen”, you probably need “deshalb” or “deswegen”.
Ich bin mit dem Auto meines Vaters gegen einen Baum gefahren, deshalb/deswegen darf ich sein
Auto nicht mehr fahren.
- I drove my father’s car into a tree, so I am not allowed to drive his car anymore.
Wegen des Unfalls darf ich sein Auto nicht mehr fahren.
- Because of the accident, I am not allowed to drive his car anymore.
Deswegen darf ich es nicht fahren.
- That’s why I am not allowed to drive it.
The last one in this list of similar meanings is the furthest removed from the others.
“somit” indicates that something was done in order to accomplish something else.
It is similar in that it shows the cause of the action, but could be translated as “so
that” or “in order to”.
It is important to note that “somit” is used in a main clause or “Hauptsatz”,
but there is “sodass”, which is used in a subordinate clause or “Nebensatz” and
carries a similar meaning.
Here are some examples of “somit”.
Die Knicks haben noch einmal verloren, somit erreichen sie dieses Jahr die Playoffs nicht.
- The Knicks lost again, hence they missed the playoffs again.
Sam hat die meisten Punkte, somit hat sie gewonnen.
- Sam has the most points, with that she won.
There are a few ways to say “however” or “nonetheless” in German.
I talked about one in my coordinating conjunction video, “doch”.
There are two others I want to talk about today, “allerdings” and “trotzdem”.
“allerdings” has more of a feeling of “all things considered, however”, while
“trotzdem” is more like “in spite of that”.
The difference is subtle, but the main point is that “trotzdem” feels stronger than
“allerdings”.
Here are a few examples of them.
Die Reise durch Deutschland war anstrengend, allerdings war sie auch sehr schön.
- The trip through Germany was very exhausting/demanding, nonetheless it was also very beautiful.
Die Interesse der Schüler schwindet, allerdings ist das nicht außergewöhnlich, da es schon
14 Uhr ist.
- The interest of the students is waning, however that is not out of the ordinary, as
it is already 2 pm.
Mein Bruder hat schon zu Abend gegessen, trotzdem möchte er mit uns essen gehen.
- My brother already ate dinner, in spite of that he would like to go to dinner with
us.
Das Wasser ist grün, trotzdem schwimmt sie.
- The water is green, in spite of that she is swimming.
The most common and widely used way to say “in addition” or “likewise” in German
is “außerdem”.
The preposition “außer” means “besides”.
When you add “dem” to the end, it is like saying “besides that” or “in addition
to that”.
With this in mind, you can use it as a conjunction.
Here are a couple of examples of that.
Diese Schuhe passen mir nicht.
Sie sind zu klein und nicht breit genug, außerdem fallen sie auseinander.
- The shoes do not fit.
They are too small and not wide enough, besides that they are falling apart.
(???)
Ich möchte noch nicht essen, außerdem mag ich keinen Fisch.
- I wouldn’t like to eat yet, besides that I don’t like fish.
If you want to say “otherwise” in German, “sonst” is a good option.
For example:
Der Bär muss keinen Hunger haben, sonst hätte er dich gefressen.
- The bear must not be hungry, otherwise he would have eaten you.
Das erste Schwein musste gefressen werden wollen, sonst hätte er sein Haus aus Stein
gebaut.
- The first pig must have wanted to get eaten, otherwise he would have built his house out
of stone.
These are nowhere near the entire list of adverbial conjunctions in German.
In fact there are more than fifty of them.
In this chart you can see a list of different adverbs that can be used as conjunctions.
These are separated based on their use.
Instead of giving examples of each one individually, I will simply explain what each category means
and what that means for the adverbs in that group.
“kopulativ” refers to the fact that it adds something to the first clause.
This is why you see “außerdem” (besides that) in that group.
Other examples would include “weiter” (further/furthermore), ebenso (equally, as
well), and “darüber hinaus” (beyond that).
“lokal” refers to the location of something.
“daneben” for example would be “next to that”, but can also take on a more figurative
meaning of the phrase.
You will notice all of them in this list are da-compounds.
That is pretty common for a lot of adverbial conjunctions, as the da-compounds lend themselves
to this kind of use very well.
For more on da-compounds, you can watch the video that I have linked in the description.
“temporal” expresses a time.
“davor” for example means “before that” and “währenddessen” means “during that”.
These are great transitional conjunctions if you are writing an essay or for use on
the written part of some German exams.
I would highly recommend you learning how to use these well, as they will come in handy.
Since they are so helpful, I wrote some examples of them in use, as well with the exception
of “indessen”, because it isn’t as widely used.
Mein Hund riecht die Schildkröte, davor hat sie keine gesehen.
- My dog is smelling the turtle, before that she hadn’t seen one.
Meine Mutter geht einkaufen, währenddessen bleibe ich zu Hause und zocke.
- My mother is going shopping, during that time, I am staying at home and playing video
games.
Wir haben zusammen zu Abend gegessen, danach sind wir ins Kino gegangen.
- We ate dinner together, after that we went to the movies.
Er spricht zuerst mit seiner Familie, anschließend mit seinem Chef.
- He spoke with his family first, after that/finally with his boss.
Next up is “kausal”, which as you might guess, shows the cause of something.
They are almost all translated as “that’s why” or “because”.
The most popular ones were mentioned at the beginning of this video.
“konditional” und “konsekutiv” are both showing a condition.
For example:
Ich habe auch ein Auto, notfalls können wir mit ihm fahren.
- I have a car too, if need be we can drive with it.
“konzessiv” refers to something that precludes another.
In other words, this thing happened, but this happened anyway.
For example:
Der Bürgermeister sagt wir müssen zu Hause bleiben, dessen ungeachtet gingen viele Menschen
zum Park.
- The mayor says we have to stay home, nevertheless many people went to the park.
In the category of “spezifizierend” you see words that describe the extent to which
something is done.
For example:
The last category is “adversativ”, meaning that it shows something is different than
the first clause.
There are a bunch of these.
You will also notice the two-part conjunction “einerseits… andererseits” in that group,
as it is not only a two-part conjunction, but also an adverbial conjunction.
Here are a few examples from this category.
Mein Hund ist sehr faul, demgegenüber ist die Katze voller Energie.
- My dog is very lazy, by contrast the cat is full of energy.
Es gibt viele Nachspeisen auf dem Tisch, nur darfst du sie nicht haben.
- There are a lot of desserts on the table, but you aren’t allowed to have them.
This is my last video about conjunctions, or at least the various categories of them.
If you haven’t already seen my videos about coordinating, subordinating and two-part conjunctions,
you can see them in this playlist over there.
If you want to learn more about those da-compounds I mentioned earlier, you can find that linked
over here.
Das ist alles für heute.
Danke fürs Zuschauen.
Bis zum nächsten Mal.
Tschüss.