[Music plays]
(Dr. Steve Morton) Biodiversity is the web of life.
Biodiversity is the full variety of all the species
that you see in the natural environment around you,
like these witchetty bushes and Eremophilas.
All those species across the face of the earth make
up biodiversity. And it's not just species;
it's also the genetic variabilities they have within them.
And it's not just the genetic variability and the...
all the species diversity, it's the diversity
of ecosystems that they make up, and which you
can see behind me in this part of central Australia.
Biodiversity is all those things.
It's the evolutionary history which has given rise
to that genetic variability in all these species.
It's the functions that all those ecosystems produce
in providing clean water, and in cycling nutrients.
Biodiversity is all those things, and the processes
that result from the living world.
Biodiversity is the web of life.
The concept of biodiversity first emerged during the 1980s,
actually quite recently, because of concern about
the impact of human beings on the planet.
Given that human beings are so abundant and so influential
in what we do, we are clearly having an impact globally.
So biodiversity as a concept emerged as a way of
highlighting the precious nature of that living world
and highlighting the need for human beings to think
more carefully about the values and benefits
that they obtain from the living world, from biodiversity.
[Music plays]
The diversity of life, and the diversity
of human appreciation of it, is such that I think
there's at least five categories of values
that we need to consider in asking ourselves the
question, or rather answering the question why is
biodiversity important, and why does it matter.
And the first of those is obvious, it's economic.
In some places we human beings turn biodiversity into dollars.
We harvest timber; we catch fish from the sea.
Those direct uses of biodiversity provide
economic wellbeing to many human communities.
The second major value of biodiversity is what you
might call ecological life support.
Another way of phrasing it is ecosystem services.
These are benefits that human beings obtain from the natural
world, such as the provision of clean water,
the pollination of crops, the control of pests and
weeds by other species. The third one is in essence
it's cultural. That the world around us informs
the way we feel about our country.
Our great artists frequently represent the natural world in their
artworks, and they hang in all the galleries
throughout Australia. Including, I might point out,
Indigenous painters, whose depiction of country is often
deeply rooted in what we might call biodiversity.
All Australians recognise, all those of us who've
had the benefit of flying overseas and coming home,
know about the impact of the smell of gum leaves when
finally you get home again. You know in some senses the
landscape around us tells us who we are.
I mean we have an emu and a kangaroo on our coat of arms.
And those values a very difficult to put any numbers on.
But it doesn't mean they're insignificant.
They're incredibly important. So that's a third value.
There's a fourth one, and this one you might be able
to put numbers on because it's recreational value.
People love getting out in the bush and rejuvenating.
It doesn't matter whether it's a tough bush walk
in Tasmania, or you know just an easy bout of
bird watching in the paddock down by the dam,
or just jogging by a lake in Canberra, or Sydney, or Melbourne.
The fifth one, I have left it til last
because it's the scientific value.
And that might sound a little bit precious
to be claiming that, but it's true.
Australian biodiversity on the global scale is unique.
There's nothing else like Australia.
It must be said that there is a sixth value which
you might describe as the negative value,
the unpleasant aspects of biodiversity in its
relation to human beings. You don't find many people
arguing for the right to exist of the malarial
parasite, or the smallpox virus.
In Australia many people are frightened
of crocodiles, for good reason.
So there is a part of the natural world that we
fear, and that's always present in all societies.
[Music plays]
With seven billion people on the face of the planet
the natural world is experiencing a decline.
Biodiversity is declining, it's demonstrably occurring.
The nature of this impact, this universal impact
that human beings are now having on planet earth has
led to the development of a term which is the Anthropocene.
Now the Anthropocene builds upon the
geological eras, like the Pliocene and Miocene,
and Pleistocene, so it's a deliberate play on the
evolution of the earth over its history, to a point
now where it is dominated by human activity.
That is unique. So it's a different geological era.
We humans, our decisions now govern the future of the earth.
It's up to us.
[Music plays]
So I think there are three challenges.
First of all to understand, analyse, and help deal with the ongoing
decline in biodiversity. That's a big challenge for science.
Secondly, understanding the full complexity of biodiversity.
All those values and interactions that
I spoke about before have a scientific component to them,
and science is wrestling with the size of that task.
And thirdly science is still working out how best
to contribute to the discussions about tradeoffs between
different forms of resource use with biodiversity implications,
because it's those resource use activities that are causing
the decline in the first place. You could take the
conversation we're having to be pessimistic,
that you know biodiversity is declining, you know human
beings are getting more and more abundant,
you know it's all going to wrack and ruin
I actually don't think that way.
Particularly in Australia we have so much to be proud of,
so many aspects of our society are ready to deal with these problems.
We have tremendous experience in our society
at the sort of social dialogue, the political debate
necessary to make sure these things are taken account of.
We have a fantastic scientific base.
We have community involvement in natural resource management,
including biodiversity management, to an unparalleled level.
Couldn't have been expected when I was a boy.
There are many, many things to be positive about.
Good reasons for optimism.
[Music plays]