Welcome back.
In the last video we were just figuring out the volume under
the surface, and we had set up these integral bounds.
So let's see how to evaluate it now.
And look at this.
I actually realized that I can scroll things, which is quite
useful because now I have a lot more board space.
So how do we evaluate this integral?
Well, the first integral I'm integrating with respect to x.
Right?
I'm adding up the little x sums.
So I'm forming this rectangle right here.
Right?
Or you could kind of view it I'm holding y constant and
integrating along the x-axis.
I should switch colors.
So what's the antiderivative of x y squared with respect to x?
Well it's just x squared over 2.
And then I have the y squared-- that's just a
constant-- all over 2.
And I'm going to evaluate that from x is equal to 1 to x is
equal to the square root of y, which you might be daunted by.
But you'll see that it's actually not that bad
once you evaluate them.
And then let me draw the outside of the integral.
This is y is equal to 0 to y is equal 1.
dy.
Now, if x is equal to 1 this expression becomes
y squared over 2.
Right?
y squared over 2, minus-- now if x is equal to square root
of y, what does this expression become?
If x is equal to the square root of y, then
x squared is just y.
And then y times y squared is y to the third.
Right?
So it's y to the third over 3.
Fair enough.
And now I take the integral with respect to y.
So now I sum up all of these rectangles in the y direction.
0, 1.
This is with respect to y.
And that's cool, right?
Because when you take the first integral with respect to x you
end up with a function of y anyway, so you might as well
have your bounds as functions of y's.
It really doesn't make it any more difficult.
But anyway, back to the problem.
What is the antiderivative of y squared over 2 minus
y to the third over 3?
Well the antiderivative of y squared-- and you have to
divide by 3, so it's y cubed over 6.
Minus y to the fourth-- you have to divide by 4.
Minus y to the fourth over-- did I mess up some place?
No, I think this is correct. y to the fourth over 12.
Oh wait.
How did I get a 3 here?
That's where I messed up.
This is a 2, right?
Let's see.
x is square root of y.
Yeah, this is a 2.
I don't know how I ended up.
Right?
Square root of y squared is y, times y squared
y to the third over 2.
Right.
And then when I take the integral of this
it's 4 times 2.
8.
Got to make sure I don't make those careless mistakes.
That's the tough part.
I just want to make sure that you got that too.
I hate it when I do that.
But I don't want to re-record the whole video.
So when I evaluated this-- right.
This is right, and then I take the antiderivative of y to the
third over 2, I get y to the fourth over 8.
And now I evaluate this at 1 and 0.
And that give us what?
1/6 minus 1/8 minus-- well both of these when you evaluate
them, are going to be 0's.
So this is going to be another 0 minus 0.
So you don't have to worry about that.
So what's 1/6 minus 1/8?
Let's see.
24.
That's 4 minus 3 over 24, which is equal to 1/24-- is the
volume of our figure.
So this time, the way we just did it, we took the integral
with respect to x first, and then we did it with
respect to y.
Let's do it the other way around.
So let me erase some things.
And hopefully I won't make these careless mistakes again.
I'll keep this figure, but I'll even erase this one.
Let me erase all of this stuff.
We have room to work with.
So I kept that figure.
But let me redraw just the xy plane, just so we get
the visualization right.
It's more important to visualize the xy plane in
these problems than it is to visualize the
whole thing in 3-d.
That's the y-axis, that's the x-axis.
OK.
Our upper bound, you can say, is the graph y is
equal to x squared.
Or, you could view it as the bound x is equal to
the square root of y.
That is x is equal to 1, that's y is equal to 1.
And we care about the volume above the shaded region.
Right?
That shaded region is this yellow region right here.
And let's draw our da.
I'll draw a little square actually.
And I'll do it in magenta.
So that's our little da.
And the height is dy.
That's a y.
dy.
And it's with this dx.
Right?
So the volume above this little square-- that's the same
thing as this little square.
Just like we said before, the volume above it is equal to
the value of the function.
Right?
The height is the value of the function, which is x y squared.
And then we multiply it times the area of the base.
Well the area of the base, you could say it's da, but we know
it's really dy times dx.
I didn't have to write that times there.
You can ignore it.
And I wrote the y first just because we're
going to integrate with respect to y first.
We're going to sum in the y direction.
So what does summing in the y direction mean?
It means we're going to add that square to that
square to that square--
[COUGHING]
Excuse me.
So we're adding all the dy's together, right?
So my question to you is, what is the upper bound on the y?
Well once again, we bump into the curve.
Right?
So the curve is the upper bound when we go upwards.
And what is the upper bound on the curve?
Well we're holding x fixed, so for any given
x what is this point?
Well that's going to be x squared.
Right?
Because this is the graph of y equals x squared.
So our upper bound is y is equal to x squared.
And what's our lower bound?
We can keep adding these squares down here.
We're adding all the little changes in y.
So what's our lower bound?
Well our lower bound is just 0.
That was pretty straightforward.
So this expression, as it is written right now, is the
volume above this rectangle.
Right?
Let me draw it.
Is the volume above this rectangle.
These are the same rectangles.
The volume above that rectangle.
Now what we want to do is add up all the dx's together, and
we'll get the volume above the entire surface.
So that rectangle, now we'll add it to another
dx one, dx one like that.
So what's the upper and lower bounds on the x's?
We're going from x is equal to 0, right?
We don't bump into the graph when we go all the way down.
So we go from x is equal to 0.
And then our upper bound is x is equal to 1.
So x is equal to 0, x is equal to 1.
And in general, one way to think about it is when you're
doing kind of the last sum or the last integral, you really
shouldn't have variable boundaries at this point.
Right?
Because our final answer has to be a number, assuming
that we're not dealing with something very, very abstract.
But our final answer is going to have a number.
So if you had some variables here you probably
did something wrong.
And it's always useful, I think, to draw that little da
and then figure out-- OK, I'm summing to dy first.
When I go upwards I bump into the curve.
What is that upper bound if x is constant?
Oh, it's x squared. y is equal to x squared.
If I go down I bump into the x-axis, or y is equal to 0.
And so forth and so on.
So now let's just evaluate this and confirm that
we get the same answer.
So we're integrating with respect to y first.
So that's x y to the third, over three.
At x squared and 0.
And then we have our outer integral. x goes from 0 to 1.
dx.
If we substitute x squared in for y.
x squared to the third power is x to the sixth.
x to the sixth times x-- let me write that.
So we have x times x squared to the third power, over 3.
That equals x to the seventh.
Right? x squared to the third-- you multiply the exponents, and
then you add these. x to the seventh over 3, minus this
evaluated with y is 0.
But that's just going to be 0.
Right?
And then we evaluate that from 0 to 1, dx.
We're almost there.
Increment the exponent.
You get x to the eighth over 8.
And we already have a 3 down there, so it's over 24.
And you evaluate that from 0 to 1.
And I think we get the same answer.
When you evaluate it at 1 you get 1/24 minus 0.
So once again, when we integrate in the other order
you still get the volume of the figure, being 1/4,
whatever, cubic units.
Anyway, see you in the next video.