In the discussion we had with the SAM team regarding transmutation in biology.
I briefly mentioned that there was a study conducted by the US government into
biological transmutation. So I thought it would be useful to run through what was in the report
and what their findings were.
So the first thing to note is that this report was carried out by the US Army,
Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command.
The report is authored by S. Goldfein.
The purpose of the study was to determine whether recent disclosures of elemental
transmutations occurring in biological entities have revealed new possible sources of energy.
The report documents some of the findings from Kervran and proposes a mechanism whereby these
transmutations might be occurring. The report concluded by stating that elemental transmutations
were indeed occurring in life organisms and were probably accompanied by a net energy gain.
The report opens by documenting the historical discovery of biological transmutation of elements
and covers many of the names I have covered in the video on biological transmutation of elements.
The main investigation was split up into a number
of different elements. The part looked at what the signs of a transmutation might be.
This started with the examination of a change in weight. The study limited itself to fusion
reactions where the difference in atomic weight would only be one. These included Na, K and Mn
For Sodium the weight differences were as follows. This would lead to a very small loss of weight for
each sodium converted. Potassium would see a larger loss and Manganese the greatest.
For each the energy developed would be
Na 7.29 MeV K 8.35 MeV
Mn 10.18 MeV
But how much energy is required to initiate these nuclear reactions?
Back in 1932 it was known that alpha particles of energies 5 to 7 MeV, from radioactive elements,
could cause atomic disintegrations. The paper then discusses an experiment conducted by
Cockcroft and Walton who fired protons at a lithium target using an electric field.
At the bottom of their equipment the proton had a kinetic energy equal in electron volts to the
potential in volts at the top of the tube. By placing the target at the bottom at 45 deg
they found that disintegrations of some of the lithium atoms into pairs of helium nuclei
ejected almost in opposite directions occurred with only 120,000 volts.
This may show that it does not require as much energy
to initiate some of these nuclear reactions.
What could be a possible location of this energy development within a biological cell?
THe mitochondria is a cylindrically shaped organelle, and is known to be the primary site
for energy production in all living cells. Some cells have as many as 7000 mitochondria in them.
The mitochondria is divided into compartments in which various reactions take place.
Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is now recognised as the molecule most involved in
energy production in the mitochondria. When complexed with Mg++ it forms a cyclic ATP
and proceeds through a series of reactions which produces energy.
The Mg++ is considered to be the catalyst for these reactions. One phosphate group after another
splits off so that the resultant structure becomes a diphosphate or ADP and then a monophosphate or
AMP. The phosphate group hydrolyze and the energy of hydrolysis for each reaction is 7500 calories.
The D-ribose then splits off and proceed through a long glycolic decomposition cycle to yield
further energy. The cyclic MgATP thus breaks up completely and is rebuilt through a series of
chemical reactions. None of the decomposition and rebuilding cycles is yet completely understood.
When we examine the mitochondria we find the following ions present, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn
and Fe. These are the same elements that were found by Kervran and other to be involved in
biological transmutations of elements. We also find Cu and Zn which differ by only one proton.
H+ a OH- ions have been produced and are maintained in separate compartments. Conversion
of Cu to Zn is also accompanied by a loss of mass and therefore a production of energy.
The net result of the many reactions occurring in the mitochondrion
is a flow of electrons. This flow is oscillatory in the MgATP crustal.
The complete conformational structure of MgATP has not been determined yet. A key problem has
been the function of the Mg++. Kothekar et al made a study of changes in electronic charge
and energy distribution in ATP and ADP after incorporation of Mg++. They hypothesised that
even though Mg++ is not absolutely essential for enzymatic action, its presence facilitates
the action by modifying the charge distribution. The most likely position of Mg++ is symmetrically
between the three P atoms. Binding between Mg++ and ATP was considered mostly ionic in nature. No
detailed, acceptable information is available regarding the crystalline structure of MgATP.
In the paper they then go on to propose an alternative mechanism for energy production.
They examined MgATP to identify if there was an alternate means of energy production which would
encompass nuclear fusion reactions in accordance with recognised nuclear theory and practice. The
principal method of producing nuclear reactions is by an accelerator - either linear or cyclic.
They go on to hypothesize that the structure of MgATP is such that the
molecules are situated one ontop of the other, so that the Mg++ forms a continuous chain.
The arrangement of this structure would look something like this
The whole structure would form a helix. The
net effect would be that the H+ would make a helical path.
Dipoles have been found
to be energised by unsaturation o in the ionic structure - binding with
metal ions with each dipole requiring one unsaturation or double bond.
This means that the unsaturation in the adenine molecule comprising four double
bonds should be enough to energise the three dipoles in the phosphate groups.
The current formed by the electron flowing in an oscillatory fashion from Mg++ to another
must of necessity be accompanied by an oscillatory magnetic field. This could easily extend out to
the perimeter and accelerate H+ to relativistic speeds. It would be guided in its path by dipoles.
An interesting feature we see in this configuration is the location of the
adenine rings in the adenosine heterocycles. They sit directly on the circumference of the circle
formed by the acyl oxygen dipoles and 180-deg apart from each other. When a conjugated ring
molecule is placed in a magnetic field, its electrons are caused to circulate, they
generate induced, secondary magnetic fields. This means this ring must have a rotating ring current
only when exposed to a magnetic field. Because of the puckering effect of the D-ribose, the ring
slopes and skews downwards towards the perimeter. Its induced magnetic field must therefore have
a component that is capable of exerting an acceleration force on the H+ as it passes by.
In essence this structure demonstrates all the principles of a cyclotron particle accelerator
but on the scale of a molecule
It has: An Oscillatory Electric field.
There is a continuous flow of electrons in the mitochondria.
The current oscillates as it flows through the chain of Mg++.
The electric field will also oscillate with this. Presence of an ion to be accelerated, here it is
the hydrogen ion or proton which is found in one of the compartments of the mitochondrion.
Auxiliary control nad propulsion of the H+ by dipoles. An H+ ions introduced between the
components of the sandwich would be attracted by an energised dipole and passed from one
dipole to another around the helical circle. Induction of Ring Current in Adedine. The
oscillating electric field induces and oscillating ring current in the adenine ring of the molecule
As the hydrogen ion passes under the ring, it is attracted by the magnetic field accompanying the
ring current and accelerates to a very high speed. This will soon approach relativistic
speeds because the ring current also is probably rotating at such speeds.
This in turn would impart enough energy to it so that it can penetrate the nucleus of an atom
and convert it to an atom of the next highest number.
They finalise by outlining what the evidence is to support their hypothesis.
The net loss of mass when going from one element to the next
represents a net amount of energy released.
Firstly the mitochondrion are well known as the location for energy production in the cell.
The presence of ion pairs Na/Mg K/Ca and Mb/Fe give strong support to this idea.
Moreover, the additional pair Cu/Zn they discovered also support this.
These are the only ions to have been discovered within the mitochondrion
An examination of the structure of ATP indicates that when the molecules are placed ontop of each
other with Mg++ in the centre the group resembles a working model of cyclotron on a molecular scale.
The MgATP molecule itself is also a store of energy
and the when it is taken apart this releases energy
The question of the primary purpose of the transmutation is of considerable interest.
Most of the research conducted by others would suggest that this is for maintaining a balance
of certain elements. In the human body, it is evident that healt would be considerably impaired
if this transmutation process was used solely for energy production
there would be a steady build up of elements and the body can only tolerate so much Na, K, Mg, Ca,
etc and the quantities of these are very small.
The report ends with this final conclusion
It is concluded that elemental transmutation occurring in life organisms are accompanied by
losses in mass representing conversion to thermal energy and that such energy
probably is a net gain when compared to the amount required to effect the transmutation.
So what can we make of this then? I find the concept of this mechanism very compelling. I think
it is important to make a connection in terms of the energy required to cause the transmutation.
In the paper they refer to the experiment where a proton was accelerated into a lithium slab.
Here they saw that much less energy was required to break apart the lithium
nucleus. We have also discussed how in the experiments with transmutation
they all involved a metal and electricity. These are precisely the ingredients we have here.
So we may not require relativistic movement of the hydrogen ion.
One other question is how can this step be reversed? In some of the biological
experiments we saw the removal of a proton to move to the previous element. Could this
mechanism also accomplish this by reversing the current? Could it somehow remove a single proton?
Or is it possible to dislodge one of the protons by causing it to absorb and electron
and therefore that becoming unstable and ejecting both the proton and the electron?
The exact mechanism for both these may be linked to something that we find in both lightning and
quasar beams. The production of neutrons but this is something we will cover in the near future.