plutonium in films cool dual-cell it's
like a piece of silver plutonium in real
life machinery cannot let you to shoot a
video about plutonium at our facility
because you are a citizen of another
country is due to safety reasons
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hello everyone as you must have
understood this video is going to be
about such as an addictive metal as
plutonium it has been shrouded in
secrecy since the day it was discovered
and right until our days is a history of
the discoverer of the element with
atomic number 94 began in 1914 when
Glenn Seaborg and his team of scientists
bombarded an item of uranium 238 with
deterrence in a cyclotron one of the
first particle accelerators as a result
of this reaction is a good Neptune which
turned into plutonium 238
however this isotope wasn't acceptable
to spontaneous fission and wasn't
suitable for making nuclear weapons
which the government of the United
States was in dire need of magazine half
a year later the Americans managed to
create isotope 259 of the new element by
bombardment with neutrons of uranium
salt which as later tests confirmed was
more suitable for nuclear weapons than
uranium 235 is in your element with
atomic number 94 was named plutonium
after the plant was discovered in 1930
Pluto according to the latest
pacification it no longer qualifies as a
planet however the element preserved its
name bags in the discoverer of plutonium
was not even published in scientific
journals because the created element was
too important from a strategic and
military point of view that is why the
research of this element was shrouded in
secrecy both in United States and USSR
just a year later after the discovery of
plutonium there was launched at the
famous Manhattan Project in the United
States the aim of this project was to
acquire a large quantity of plutonium
and uranium and also to create the first
atomic mount as a result of this project
Americans managed to produce
6.2 kilograms of pure opal thorium in
1945 the first atomic bomb
error Trinity was tested in the New
Mexico State meanwhile in the USSR
alongside American scientist the Soviet
scientists also studied bhutanam as a
radium Institute insane spatter work
uranium was also bombarded with neutrons
in cyclotron later Soviet lutonium was
mass-produced
as a first graphite nuclear reactor in
Europe a one which was also known as an
loeschke in the city of July being 65
present-day as yours bags M during cold
war with a USA production of Soviet -
atonium was an absolute secrecy and was
done in higher now this reactor is
disassembled and only his frame remains
in place however its construction led to
the creation of all Soviet Union factory
MIAC scientists are working with
radioactive chemicals at this factor up
to this day in the past the first Soviet
plutonium was produced at the a1 channel
2 per reactor and later on this type of
erector found a peaceful application and
led to the creation of famous director
of a similar type album car 1000 which
also produces a small amount of
plutonium let's consider how lutonium is
produced in these reactors first
relatively small cylinders of enriched
uranium dioxide are inserted into the
corneum pipes concentration of isotope
uranium-235 succeptible to decay is
roughly 3% pipes with the fuel form
special thermal fuel rod clusters these
rods are placed into graphite blocks if
you didn't know graphite is used to slow
down neutrons because uranium-235 the
case only when acted on by slowly moving
neutrons as a result of uranium decay
therefore additional neutrons which can
be captured by isotope uranium 238
foreign and plutonium 239 which decays
into new P Union which is also
susceptible to better decay and rd8 an
electron
antineutrino and as a result their forms
isotope plutonium 249 theoretically
speaking it seems easy however there are
a lot of technical nuances some of which
are not disclosed yet so in three to
five years their form lots of fallout is
ready to fuel and it prevents further
running of the chain reaction such spent
fuel also contains plutonium which can
be extracted from some nuclear fuel and
the rods are sent to be recycled when I
removed from the reactor irradiated
cylinders with nuclear fuel are
extremely reactive and consists of
almost all short-lived isotopes from the
periodic table such a cylinder can kill
anyone standing closer than 1 meter away
that is why spent nuclear fuel is stored
in settling ponds for a few years until
sooth short-lived isotopes decay and the
fuel becomes less already active by the
way because of the high radiation over
us we spent fuel we can see them glow in
water this famous Cherenkov radiation
water is glowing because of the stream
of fast-moving particles passing through
it after sitting in water spent fuel
goes through a lengthening chemical
processing just like in the time of
Soviet experiments the first stage of
obtaining plutonium is dissolving of
spent fuel in concentrated nitric acid
as a result of this reaction their forms
sediment is a solution consisting of
different or the active elements of
course I don't know the whole process
however the key moment of separation of
plutonium from uranium in the process
called Purex is mixing of dissolved
spent fuel with kerosene and treating it
with tributyl phosphate and some
reducing agents for instance hydrazine
as a result
plutonium with the oxidation state of +3
RS in the lower blue layer and uranium
RS
is a yellow layer with organic
agents of course these are just basic
stages there are a lot of them after
such a separation I also don't know the
exact proportions timings and other
details nurse Alice plutonium itself is
a quite colorful element in solutions
you can see these solutions in the test
tubes with plutonium sauce change course
depending on their oxidation states
trautonium compounds have similar
chemical properties to uranium compounds
don't forget the fact that it was a
simulation for the video in order for
you to see chemical properties of
plutonium with own eyes in your real
life all chemical reaction with this
metal are conducted in special
radiation-proof boxes which have l will
eat glass which protects scientists from
high radiation of decay products which
spent nuclear fuel radiates russian
company or SATA field some footages for
me at the main nuclear facility but I'm
finding it's hard to tell exactly what
kind of processes they perform besides
it is unknown how different isotopes of
plutonium are separated in this Factory
is a final product of such chemical
reactions is pure plutonium dioxide
which is a powder wearing in color from
a raspberry red to yellow metallic
plutonium can be obtained from plutonium
dioxide powder which is a gray metal
which easily oxidizes in the air
plutonium's appearance and chemical
activity is very similar to that of a
rare earths metal coat
serum that's why often times radio
chemistry students are taught to work
with plutonium by using safe regions
based on serum the only difference is
metallic plutonium's high density after
purification plutonium from the reactor
consists of 5 different isotopes though
which are of particular interest
plutonium isotope 248 is an extremely
strong alpha emitter because it breaks
down into uranium 234 sending off helium
nuclei
if Scala 5 is a bit more than 87 years
plutonium's alpha decay can be
demonstrated with the help of a such a
plutonium collaboration source if we
insert this plate with a small amount of
plutonium 238 into special decimeter
sensitive to Alfred ation you can see
how quickly the number of impulses of
these isotopes alpha decay is growing
however if we place a sheet of paper
between the decimeter and the source of
alpha radiation it will completely block
the alpha radiation this experiment
proves that alpha rays have a weak
penetration power and are completely
blocked by a thin sheet of paper by the
way my portable radius and the Scimitar
shows the same here and open the
Scimitar detect enormous Alfred d--ation
and here's the sheet of paper completely
blocks all alpha particles pieces of
plutonium-238 can significantly heat up
in a confined space because of the
active decay
sometimes they can become red-hot and
the metal can even burn another reason
why that happens is because plutonium is
the worst heat conductor among all
metals produced plutonium dioxide will
also be heating up this property of
plutonium has been used in
thermoelectric generators for about 70
years self heating of plutonium-238
generates more than 500 watts per
kilogram of energy and all of this heat
can be converted into electricity size
generators are installed in some
spacecrafts for instance in such a
Voyager and Mars Science Laboratory
Curiosity plutonium isotopes 239 doesn't
heat up as much but it is fitting for
making nuclear weapons from it the only
problem is that metallic polonium is
quite fragile which is why it is allowed
with gala after that is much easier to
treat and transport it as
stand now like 70 years ago plutonium is
mainly used for manufactured atomic
bombs here is a design of a new warhead
b88 in the center is a case with a
mixture of deuterium and tritium it is
covered in a layer of plutonium which
then coated in beryllium for creating a
powerful stream of neutrons then two
lenses made of explosive material are
attached to the case underneath there is
a secondary charge from a layer of
different uranium isotopes which is
connected to the primary charge with
styrofoam which creates plasma when
there is an explosion as a result after
coating the case with a reflective layer
which directs gamma rays from the
primary charge to the secondary charge
we have a powerful weapon
hopefully it is never used so I hope
that video was interesting for you and
if you liked it don't forget to give
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you