[Music]
fentanyl is safe in my eyes compared to
benzo's invent
[Music]
people are dying without even having
that tin foil down
you know they're taking a hoot and
they're just dead
we've started to see tranq come into the
dope
people are getting extreme injuries and
wounds you can see down to the muscle
tissue in the bone
large abscesses and like infections
where they're injecting
this tranq is intense like like you feel
like you're literally gonna die
do you feel any sense of responsibility
for some of these new chemicals that are
kind of replacing fentanyl no no we knew
the traffickers would continue to try
we want to
absolutely prohibit all of these
synthetics from coming in
the penzos are going to kill a lot of
people and it already has it's already
started
why is this being cut into everything
because it's so addicting that's what
everybody wants
that ultimate high
[Music]
human error that we make
costs lives
you can put one batch out and it might
kill
a lot of people
maxie
my mom did the same trade for many many
years
i was introduced to it at a young age
and
i just sort of followed her footsteps
and
here i am
everything changed when fentanyl became
on the market
keisha's a drug dealer who asked us to
only use her first name
over the 20 years she's been selling
she's seen the supply change
dramatically
for the last decade both canada and the
u.s have been ravaged by an overdose
crisis largely fueled by the synthetic
opioid fentanyl
the pandemic made it worse by disrupting
the drug supply and cutting people off
from harm reduction services
but the crisis is now reaching another
turning point
chemicals made in labs are infiltrating
the drug supply and being combined with
fentanyl to make something more
dangerous
and nowhere is this more evident than in
british columbia
[Music]
he went from seeing brown substance
which was heroin and then you're like
okay what the is this because it's
purple and blue and pink and
all these weird colors
okay so i just have to wait till it
settles despite the shifting supply
keisha still sells fentanyl
she mixes it with purple food coloring
to differentiate it from cocaine and she
cuts it with monk fruit an organic
sweetener she says is safer than other
cutting agents
still it's not safe
fentanyl is up to 50 times more potent
than heroin it's been linked to at least
250 000 deaths in the u.s and canada
the risk is extremely dangerous every
day you know anything can happen
see how there's like
smoke coming out yeah that's the
dangerous part of it just because it's
so potent yeah yeah
when you think about fentanyl it's
always in the abstract and she's using
like just these normal kitchen tools and
food coloring it's very like basic
[Music]
keisha cooks her fentanyl every few days
in a process that takes hours
[Music]
she charges ten dollars a bag and can
sell up to five ounces in a day for as
much as fifteen thousand dollars
what i see is that people need fentanyl
more than heroin like more frequently
like
heroin you used to be able to do a smash
or you know do a couple points and you'd
be good all day and all night well
people who use fent they need it every
like three hours
so it just doesn't last as long doesn't
last as long doesn't have legs
[Music]
to make the fentanyl's effects last
longer other suppliers have been cutting
it with ultra potent chemicals
one called a tesolam is from a family of
sedatives called
benzodiazepines this cocktail is being
sold as benzo dope a drug that's
deadlier and more addictive than the sum
of its parts
in january benzos were detected in more
than half of fatal overdoses
so fentanyl hits the market it's like
the worst overdose crisis we've ever
seen
and now there's benzos in the fentanyl
how has it changed things i've never
seen anything like it
i've seen people do hoots and they're
like literally folded in half on the
ground for hours they're gone for the
penzos are going to kill a lot of people
and it already has it's already started
and everything is cut with it
everything
it's very hard to find somebody who you
can trust to get
just raw fent and
not cut with any benzos fentanyl is safe
in my eyes compared to
benzo's invent
that's a shocking statement though for
you to say that fentanyl
which has killed thousands hundreds of
thousands at this point of people and
you're saying that it's safe compared to
this new dope that you're seeing yeah
way way more safer
[Music]
keisha considers herself an ethical
dealer because she doesn't cut benzos
into her fentanyl
addiction specialists have been
advocating for keeping the drug supply
safe for years they point to countries
like switzerland which created a
prescription heroin program to help curb
overdose deaths and in the last few
years a handful of clinics in british
columbia have taken safe supply a step
further prescribing medical grade
fentanyl for people severely addicted to
opioids
[Music]
but these programs can be hard to access
so keisha says her customers and friends
rely on her for benzo-free fentanyl
so those are all marked yeah and then
these what are these half grams yeah
okay
well tell them
when looking at it you wouldn't be able
to know that there was benzos in here or
not they've put it different colors but
there's no way that you could tell that
you had pencils and unless you know
someone told you
people would mark their their drugs with
different colors so you know the purple
stuff is good or the you know green
stuff is good problem with that is other
people would hear what's good on the
street and then they would
they wanted to see if somebody overdosed
on it they want it they want it and you
know it just keeps getting stronger and
stronger because of the pencils in it
now guys if you give them dope without
banjos in it they don't even get on sick
no yeah so it's no good they can smoke
that all day
once you do it
the bengals in it and they love it
but it makes them forget everything yeah
it just gives them like amnesia nobody
remembers where they put their dope
everybody loses everything everybody
gets ready
good for people that sell dope though
they always gotta come back okay and
then these are um
okay
keisha's house is a place for her
customers to come and go
using her drugs there
[Music]
she has naloxone on hand and says she's
used it to reverse hundreds of overdoses
she lets people stay there
some of them are trying to wean off
and she's picked benzodiazepine up off
the street who look like they need help
they just found this young girl and
she's like 19. she was outside of a
hotel at night freezing cold they
brought her in and she's hooked on ben
so dope so they're trying to give her
some of keisha's fentanyl instead she
seems really freaked out she just keeps
shaking and she's just really jumpy
she's talking to herself a lot
she just seems very scared
not everyone keisha offers to help gets
off benzodia
[Music]
do you have any great stuff on you
the pink stuff is what i was more
shooting at that
one of her friends gord is dependent on
benzodia
this is dangerous listen to me yeah
i'm not even kidding
this right here is a pink right here
this seems to be the the the higher
categorized benzo shield there right now
um this is the dropper man
people are dying without even having
that tinfoil down
you know they're taking a hoot and
they're just dead
cord
wake up
come on
because
gordo
because
can you get up
you can't even tell if they're actually
going down because they're still talking
to you and then they're going out
girl
skincare over a little funky
you go from like this normal skin tone
to like a
white
like light blue and then you're and it's
like the life is being sucked out of you
where's the narcan kid
gord wake up or i'm gonna narcan you
they call it robbery though you can give
somebody a hoot and you don't even have
to rob them you just let them do a hoot
and they're out
my sister died here
and i i just kind of deal with like i
flip right out
and like i don't like it's really it's
really hard for me i just want to help
and i don't know what to do um gore do
you need someone walking or what yeah no
no okay are you hungry did you eat
you did you eat no
maybe just become like
zombies almost like
they're just there
benzos are just insane
it's it's scary
[Music]
the other night was pretty intense it
looked like gord was gonna overdose so
we're checking in on him to see if he's
okay
how are you feeling today pretty tired
from yesterday i do want to talk more
about what happened because yeah it was
pretty intense yeah i don't even
remember you don't nothing okay i don't
remember anything do you remember like
us be me being here yeah i didn't really
being here and i remember talking to you
and i remember doing like putting some
on a foil and smoking a little bit and
then that's it that's it yeah i remember
like what happened after that you know
your cousin was saying that she's
worried that you might die
yeah
i know she has been for a while
what do you think's gonna happen with
you in the next like couple months
i think that i'll probably die
you do maybe yeah like if i make it to
40 i'll be surprised
like i'm 39 now and i'll be 40 in may
i'm pretty surprised
most people i know only make it to 27
28 29 30 around there right
i know someone that dies every day
almost
there's a generation of young drug users
who only know the new reality of a
supply with potent synthetic drugs
there's been a jump in teen overdose
deaths
both in british columbia
and in the u.s
[Music]
my ex was so addicted to benzos i
constantly had to smoke it and i'm
trying to get over it now but i am
addicted um to the nod and it's just i'm
trying really hard to get over it when
did you tell her something off with the
dope
i've i figured out there's something
wrong with the dope when um i was given
one hoot and i woke up the next morning
with my pants around my ankles
and i realized if i was raped and i
didn't wake up and you know i just not
through any of it i should have woken up
especially if it was normal dope i still
would have woken up
carrie began using heroin when she was
13.
three years later she's addicted to
benzo dope
i have
had a lot of pain and trauma in my life
a lot
and it just
um
i'm sorry
a lot of my trauma and pain could have
been prevented
um if i didn't make the choices that i
made um
and i just wanna
like
share my story and stuff to prevent a
lot of other girls from
either going through that or girls who
have experienced it so they know they're
not alone
and that they they can't get through it
can you tell when there's a difference
between the benzo dope and then the
other dough
i can see a big difference
it's like you smoke a good amount and
then after a while you kind of start to
nod
and benzos you don't even get to blow
that out yet and your face is already in
the ground
have you overdosed oh yeah like how many
times many i don't remember
[Music]
carrie moved out of her mom's house in
november
after her mom told her she couldn't stay
if she kept using drugs
she's been homeless and couch hopping
since
carrie's dad says that sometimes he goes
weeks without hearing from her
when's the last time you saw carrie
two or three weeks ago
met her at mcdonald's bought her a
coffee
had a nice little talk
got to hear i love you
um
but it's a shell
it's not my daughter
it's the shell of her it's not who i
used to know
i've got four biological kids three of
them are stuck in addiction there is no
norm in my life
there's no normal christmas there's no
normal family dinners there's no normal
thanksgiving you can't bring any of them
into the house because they take
and i understand it's a survival mode
it doesn't make it right have you
noticed a difference in how carrie's
been in the last couple years since she
started using benzodiazepine
i see
weight loss to the point of
serious concern i recognize her
physically
but there's no emotion that i recognize
that's not my child anymore
i don't know if any of my three kids
have died in the last 20 minutes
that's reality i don't i know they have
not died 24 hours ago because the police
have not told me to identify a body
but that thought goes through my mind
every day for all three of my kids and
what is that like for you as a dad
it kills you
the biggest fear is the death um her
elder sister between eight and 12 times
i've gone to the abbotsford hospital for
overdose and when you look at your child
in zero response
you wonder if the next time you're
looking at her is to identify them
so we have spent some time with dealers
you know around abbotsford who are
selling a version of fentanyl that they
say is not as toxic as the benzodope and
some of these newer drugs that are kind
of hitting the market now
what do you make of that
they can try and justify that they're
selling a better dope a cleaner dope
death is still death fentanyl has killed
has taken lives every person that sells
fentanyl
should be charged with murder
somebody has died because of what they
have sold they're justifying in their
own mind why they're doing what they're
doing but at the end of the day they're
still dealing death
they're still ripping families apart and
they're still burying people
drugs mixed with fentanyl aren't the
only thing making this latest wave of
the overdose crisis so deadly
black market chemists are creating
designer drugs in labs manufactured to
mimic the effects of traditional drugs
while stopping just short of breaking
the law
data exclusively shared with vice news
shows powerful substances showing up in
the us's illegal supply
a new stimulant that can kill you is
being sold as molly and ecstasy in nine
u.s states
a synthetic cannabinoid that can put you
in a coma or kill you has been found in
13 states
and a synthetic opioid 20 times stronger
than fentanyl is being sold as dope in
20 states
[Music]
so early on the opioid crisis was linked
to prescription opioid tablets that then
uh sort of evolved into the heroin
period that heroin period then evolved
into what was considered the third wave
or the fentanyl wave
i think it's very clear now that we've
entered this poly drug wave when you
have fentanyl being mixed with other
stimulants or benzodiazepines or other
drugs these new drugs are all being
tracked and monitored by alex kratelski
a forensic toxicologist at nps discovery
over the past four years his program has
identified over a hundred new drugs in
the u.s more than 30 in the last 12
months
what we've seen is that when the dea
generally schedules a drug or a class it
does go away however that opens a door
for a new drug to take its place
i've heard this sort of race to
keep track of all these different drugs
described as a game of whack-a-mole
where new ones just keep popping up is
that an assessment you would agree with
synthetic drugs it does feel like a bit
of a game of whack-a-mole we generally
understand that they may go away but
it's really hard to predict the next
thing that's going to come
to find the new synthetic drugs alex and
his team get street samples from medical
examiners coroner's offices crime labs
and other public agencies
so these are heroin packets that were
sent to us
knowing that it's from philadelphia and
knowing our history i would assume that
it has fentanyl and xylazine
xylazine is a tranquilizer most commonly
used on horses but it's now being used
to make the effects of fentanyl last
longer
like benzos it knocks out users for
hours at a time and doesn't respond to
naloxone
which makes identifying it in the supply
all the more important for scientists
like kratowski
each drug has their sort of own
fingerprint associated with it so it
will pair up the chemical fingerprint
of the drugs in our sample with a
chemical fingerprint of the drugs in our
library database
so this is an example of a powder that
contains xylazine so you have this big
xylosine peak right here
which again matches to our library again
cylozine
and then a uh a fentanyl peak over here
so this is what we very commonly see in
samples from philadelphia so this one
has more xylazine than fentanyl so
there's 24 times the amount of xyloxine
to fentanyl in here it's a massive
amount and we unfortunately this is not
uncommon for us to see we do see very
very large amounts of xylazine compared
to fentanyl
xylazine has been detected in at least
10 states but is most prevalent in
pennsylvania where in 2020 it was found
in a quarter of all of philadelphia's
fatal overdoses
a 19 jump from 2019.
why do you think xylazine has
infiltrated the fentanyl supply in
philly to this degree
uh i wish i had an answer i think that's
sort of in some parts the million-dollar
question right now it's been extremely
surprising to me how long xyloxine has
stayed around and how ubiquitous it now
is in the philadelphia opioid supply
[Music]
fentanyl cut with xylazine is called
tranq or tranq dope its impact in
philadelphia is most evident in
kensington
the neighborhood's commonly called an
open-air drug market because people buy
sell and use drugs like trag right on
the street
we have eight tables today
table one narcan fentanyl test strips
water hand sanitizer masks
five years ago sarah laurel founded
savage sisters an organization that runs
sober living homes needle exchanges and
naloxone trainings i ask that you just
be really mindful that we are walking
into their territory this is their space
and we want to meet them with love
enlightened kindness we're giving them
everything that we can for free we're
here to help
and let's go serve our beautiful friends
in kensington
[Music]
when i was getting high it was just
fentanyl and heroin
and recently they've been putting
tranquilizer in it and it is so
dangerous because
people are getting a lot of open wounds
on their skin they're getting infections
and they're continuously injecting it
they look like they are not alive
we are heading to mcpherson square park
known on the streets as needle park
it's where we do our outreach
[Music]
every week
and
it's where a lot of my friends are
currently homeless
last year philadelphia's health
department reported that 91 of heroin
and fentanyl samples also had xylazine
[Music]
there's people in this park that need
help but i want to let you know that if
you're a user if you want heron are you
on fentanyl then please get off that
because it's going to kill you
we're in kensington with savage sisters
they've set up tents to help people who
are using tranq with their wounds
i've seen people with missing fingers
with blackened skin really serious
lesions
some of these are cuts and some is just
really
all right well for the time being i know
it's easier said than done because
wherever you find one
you want to use it but try not your
hands okay because your hands are hands
are a little beat up babe
can you describe the extent of some of
these wounds like they seem very serious
some of them are open they're gaping
there's tissue exposed it's some of it's
down to the bone
some of them just look like small open
sores on the skin all over
it can be on their hands on their neck
and on their face and they're it's going
untreated
we see a lot of people that are having
to lose limbs because of it and then we
see other individuals that maybe haven't
lost it yet but most likely will
let me take a look at john do you want
me to clean that up a little bit
can i see that finger over there let me
get that cleaned up a little
boy this is angry you need to be on an
antibiotic or something i mean you don't
want to lose more of your finger right
you get yourself to that emergency room
okay tomorrow
[Music]
what's happening with your hands
zap says is caused by
whatever they're putting within the
drugs right is coming out
just about anywhere in the body
you know i've never chewed up in my
hands but yet i get abstinent in my
knuckles in my tips and my fingers
do you have these types of abscesses in
other parts of your body a lot of
internal a lot of internal yeah a lot of
internal abscesses right you lost your
other finger right
exactly that was because the train got
infected
and the
treatments wasn't working
and eventually just like died turned
pure white
do you think that you might lose that
finger
[Music]
well some try to avoid tranq others like
sam brennan need it
[Music]
how was the high different from the
fentanyl it's really not even like a
high it's like you do it and you go out
you don't remember going out and you
wake up and you're sick
and it's that quickly
and it's a way more intense sickness
than fentanyl was like it went brown
dope was like hardly like you're hardly
getting sick from that that that was
like nothing fentanyl was a little bit
worse but this tranq is intense like
like you feel like you're literally
gonna die you've got sort of a cut on
your your neck yeah
it's um
it looks it looks painful yes it's from
uh
interjecting with the xylazine the tranq
sometimes i uh muscle pop
inter-muscular um because this hurts so
bad but when i intermuscular it
whatever's in it it's making those
lesions and
i get holes and it's just like it just
like eats away at your skin
it's like not even about getting hot
anymore it's about not being sick
one reason synthetic drugs are taking up
so much space in the drug supply here
might surprise you u.s foreign policy
from 2014 to 2019 much of north
america's fentanyl supply came from one
place
as you know most of the fentanyl which
is killing 80 000
americans years it comes through china
but in 2019 china under pressure from
the trump administration banned fentanyl
seizures of fentanyl in the u.s supply
dropped that year
only it didn't last long
companies in china pivoted from selling
fentanyl to marketing substances that
mimic its effects as well as the
compounds that make it up
those compounds were bought by mexican
cartels who are now manufacturing
fentanyl and trafficking it back into
the u.s
over a hundred thousand americans died
of a drug overdose in the one-year
period ending last november the most in
u.s history
jim carroll was president trump's drug
czar he led the push to get china to ban
fentanyl
we have record overdoses in the u.s and
fentanyl is still pervasive so do you
think that the ban was successful it was
successful because the flow of fentanyl
from china to the u.s ended so that part
was absolutely successful in terms of
you know the number of americans dying
you know clearly what right now that's
not a success and now with more
availability than ever before
with the not only the amount of drugs
but the lethality of the drugs that are
on the streets that's what's causing a
rise in these fatal overdoses these
poisonings that are taking place across
the country
were you worried about creating a vacuum
for more potent drugs we know and we
knew back then that eliminating china as
the main source of direct source
that the traffickers were not going to
end that quickly
we knew that they would take other steps
to get it into the us
but you have to try you have to stop it
as much as you can our reporting has
shown that there's actually new
tranquilizers and benzos that are now
being cut into the fentanyl supply and
so that's making the fentanyl supply
even more dangerous more people are
dying
were you concerned about that being a
possible consequence of the fentanyl ban
at the beginning of this everyone called
this the opioid crisis we don't have an
opioid crisis we have an addiction
crisis we don't know what drug quite
frankly will be here 20 years from now
we need to treat this as the disease we
know it is
and make sure that we know exactly what
is coming into the u.s and try to
curtail the trafficking of drugs into
the u.s
do you feel any sense of responsibility
for some of these new chemicals that are
kind of replacing fentanyl no no we knew
the traffickers would continue to try we
were able to get a ban on fentanyl we
want to
absolutely prohibit all of these
synthetics from coming in what we're
seeing in some of these cities is a
switch to a new drug a different drug it
doesn't mean that they switched you know
because of something that you know we
did wrong they're switching because
that's what's available traffickers
whether it's from china or mexico or
someplace else will send whatever drug
they have
to the us in the hopes that someone will
become addicted to it and continue to
buy it
do you have faith in being able to stop
the supply i mean we've had 50 years of
the war on drugs and it hasn't really
worked it's worked when we've
made a decision to stop it it made the
difference when we went to china and
said stop sending it to the u.s
we were able to drive down the
availability of some of these drugs but
now it's worse than ever
teen overdoses are up as well and
apparently it's due to the potency of
the drugs right because it's cheaper and
easier
to have incredibly lethal synthetic
drugs
than
ever before
[Music]
that's partly because the chemicals used
to make fentanyl benzo dope and tranq
dope are being sold online
a lot of the supply chains have kind of
emerged through the internet
if you leave that out of the picture
then you're missing a lot of sort of
that initial stage in the supply chain
of where some of the stuff is coming
from
nicole cook is a narcotics analyst
tracking websites advertising these
drugs on the open web
the websites can be sophisticated with
high quality photos product descriptions
and customer reviews
the companies often list cast numbers a
string of digits that correspond with a
known drug
the first step that i'll do is i will
search for the cast number so if you
don't know what it is for a specific
chemical
that you're interested in you can really
easily just bring it up on google you
can search for for example xylazine
so once you have the cast number for
the chemical you're interested in then
you just
enter it
in here
and
uh it will bring up sort of hundreds of
advertisements for the chemical they're
interested in
so
see it looks like we have about 700
advertisements right now from 109
different suppliers
wow
wow 109 suppliers yeah just on this one
site just on this one site so here's
another example of a xylozine
advertisement minimum order quality is
one kilogram so quite large but when you
scroll down to the bottom of the
advertisement you have this other hot
products
section
where you see it's just a list of i
don't know maybe 20 or so and
right away to me this jumps out this is
a fentanyl pre-precursor
as far as i know has nothing to do with
animal tranquilizers or any sort of
veterinary purpose so this whole list
here i think is probably going to be
pretty useless to you if you're using
xylazine and it's likely intended
purpose
but could be very useful if you were an
illegal drug supplier sure yeah yeah
do you think that these companies
realize that these chemicals are being
diverted into the black market i think
that the way that they are advertised
suggests at least a knowledge of who the
end user ends up being
given that they're often bulking these
chemicals together with other ones that
can be used for fentanyl synthesis once
a synthetic drug is controlled they will
tweak the chemical structure of it so
that way it's different enough that it's
not covered by the law but you still get
the same sort of end effect i feel like
i don't know my head is spinning a bit
because it just seems like
there are so many different avenues that
you could pursue that if one gets shut
down there's like a million other ones
that you could chase yeah and that's
that's really the the challenge when it
comes to
regulating
that side of the drug crisis is that
once you control a substance another one
will just pop up in its place
[Music]
we wanted to contact a supplier selling
synthetic drugs on the open web
after several attempts we managed to get
through to a salesperson for a chemical
company based in wuhan
i'm interested
in some of your products
can you talk on the phone
[Music]
typing
sorry friend whatsapp unable to answer
call
okay
she's saying which item are you
interested in
so i asked if they carry zilazine and
the response was yes friend available
sent to usa question mark
yes i'm in the u.s will there be
any
issues with customs
ups friend guarantees safe delivery a
hundred percent
i'm asking
do you know if you can combine this with
fentanyl meaning the zilazine
[Music]
she says haha friend fentanyl banned in
china we don't have it
is zillazine similar to fentanyl the
effect of it
she says i guess so friend as it's very
hot in the usa
i'm just surprised by their reaction i
thought that the second i mentioned
fentanyl they would want to stop the
conversation
and instead they're telling me that
zealazine is hot in the usa
um you know in response to me asking if
it's similar to fentanyl
do you know
what it's being used for in
the u.s
friend for safety we never discuss with
client for the purpose
sometimes it's sensitive for clients
exclamation and sometimes if clients
told you they used chemicals to make
forbidden drug exclamation then it's
illegal for us to sell items to them
i'm asking if these products are legal
in the u.s
they are legal in china ha ha
i said what if it gets seized by u.s
police they said we resend you
so
very straightforward very honest answers
um and it just makes it seem that much
easier to get your hands on
pretty much any chemical you want
like this isn't even the dark web
to address the crisis president joe
biden is picking up where the last
administration left off
in march he released his 2023 fiscal
year budget it includes 18 billion
dollars for domestic and international
law enforcement and to try to disrupt
the flow of drugs into the u.s
but biden's also proposing something no
other president has done a historic 85
million dollars specified for harm
reduction services like getting people
fentanyl test strips sterile syringes
and naloxone
only congress still needs to pass it and
even if they do
dealers like keisha warn it's not enough
the drugs are only going to get stronger
eventually there's not going to be
anything to do with heroin or fentanyl
it's going to be all chemical all from
the dark web all
just something people have thrown in a
bowl and sold it as fent or heroin
all the people i knew
during when i was young growing up to
now
in the drug trade they're all dead i
don't see anybody nobody nobody's face
is familiar anymore
[Music]
i could have been an athlete but instead
i chose the street pumping dope and
holding heat nothing but nightmares when
i sleep i woke up so many cold and
hungry nights up in that pain but i
wouldn't change a thing
almost two months after our trip to
british columbia we learned that gord's
body was found under a bridge
he died of an overdose a month before
his 40th birthday
on and lead leaving him dead the feds
i'm dodging and weaving them like adrian
peterson
yeah
something like that right not bad yeah
some east coast right
i'm in the west though right i still got
time
but like i feel like
it's closing in
right
and i gotta do something soon
[Music]
i'm michael lairmonth editor-in-chief of
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