Voiceover: Let's say I am an economist,
and I am curious about whether, in general,
things are getting more expensive or not,
and if they are getting expensive,
by how much?
The way I'd approach that is,
I'd think of, what are just a bunch of goods and services
that the average person would buy?
I would think up some type
of basket of goods and services,
and I would try to weight that basket,
based on how people actually spend their money,
so I would say, "Okay, 40% of people's money
"on average are spent on housing;
"maybe another 10% is spent on transportation;
"maybe another 10% is spent on food,"
and I would go out into the market,
and I would try to take an average
of what these things cost,
and I would sample a bunch of products,
a bunch of services,
so I could get a decent average of that.
This is not a simple thing to do,
but I am an economist,
and I am serious about trying to calculate it.
Let's say that when I take that weighted average
of all of the stuff, I just come up with a number.
I'm not giving you the details
of how it's actually calculated,
but to give you the idea
of what they are doing.
I get a number.
To rent, to buy or lease your average automobile;
to lease your average apartment;
to buy your average servings of food
for a given family; all the rest;
let's say I come up with, that costs,
and I'm making up a number here,
let's say that it costs $20,000.
My basket of goods and services.
Just based on the way that I've weighted it.
This is all happening in year 1.
This is in year 1.
I'm curious whether between year 1
and, let's say, year 5,
and year 5,
whether things got more expensive.
I'll take that same basket of goods and services,
so, basket of goods and services,
and I'll try to figure out
what is their weighted average cost in year 5?
This is a lot harder than it might sound right now,
because the baskets of goods and services change.
If computers get faster,
do you use the same computer,
or do you think about what the average computer is,
which would now be a better computer?
If most people's TVs got bigger,
do you use the same TV in year 1 and year 5
or do you adjust for what is now the average TV,
which is now bigger?
If houses have gotten bigger on average,
do you use the same house,
or would you use the average house?
There's a whole bunch of areas here
that you can really tweak,
and these are actually huge subjects of debate,
on what is the actual increase in cost.
Let's say that you're able to do this
in what you think is a pretty reasonable way,
and you find that the same basket of goods,
adjusted for things like technology and all of the rest,
now costs $22,000.
Your takeaway from here
is that the same things that cost $20,000,
the things that gave you
the same standard of living in year 1,
to get that same standard of living in year 5,
you now need to spend 10% more.
It's gotten $2,000 more expensive off of $20,000,
so it's gotten 10% more expensive.
You, as the economist,
what you would say is, as the way you've defined it,
your consumer price index,
and this is abbreviated with CPI,
consumer price index,
your consumer price index is up by 10%.
Or another way, based on the way you measured it,
and it changes from country to country,
and even within countries,
they change the way that they do these basket of goods,
but by the way you've measured it,
you would say that price inflation,
or, you would say that
the price inflation has been 10%
between year 1 and year 5,
or in general everything got 10% more expensive,
or you would need 10% more money
to have the same standard of living.
In general, when people are just referring
to inflation, so if you just see
the word "inflation" being referred to,
especially in modern times,
they are referring to price inflation.
This general increase in the price of goods and services,
measured by some type of basket of goods.
There is another type of inflation,
and that is monetary inflation.
Monetary inflation; and they are related.
Monetary inflation is inflation due purely
to an increase of the money supply.
This is increase in money supply.
In general, if this increase in the money supply
does outstrip the productive capacity of the country,
it could very well lead to price inflation,
but in general what people measure,
when they talk about inflation,
from one year to the next,
they're talking about this basket of goods.
They're talking about price inflation.
The other thing that you'll sometimes see,
maybe in year 5, someone says,
"Hey; I could sell you this house,"
so this is in year 5,
"I could sell you a house,
"and this house in year 5 is $660,000."
Is $660,000.
Someone might ask, what would be that price
if we adjusted it for inflation in year 1 dollars?
What they're saying is,
if you adjust for how much value your money has lost,
because if things are getting more expensive,
that means each dollar is being worth less.
You can buy less with each dollar.
When people say, "How much is that,
"adjusted for inflation in year 1 money?"
you're essentially saying,
"What amount of money would that house
"have had to cost in year 1,
"that when you adjust it for inflation,
"when you increase it by 10%,"
so that's the same thing; increasing by 10%
is the same thing as multiplying by 110%,
or multiplying by 1.1,
so, "what amount of money would that house
"had to have cost in year 1,
"that if I multiply it by 1.1,
"I get $660,000?"
We could do a little bit of quick math here,
to figure that out.
If we say, let's say that, I don't know,
let's call it P.
P is the price of the house in year 1.
I'll call it P1.
That x 1.1 ...
x 1.1
is going to be equal to $660,000,
when you factor in the 10% inflation over these years.
This is simple algebra right here.
You can divide both sides by 1.1.
Divide both sides by 1.1,
and we get, these cancel out,
you get the price of that house in year 1;
$66 divided by 11 would be 6.
You could work it out with a calculator,
if you don't feel comfortable
with what I'm about to do,
but this would give you $600,000,
if you work this math right out here,
and you could figure out the decimals.
What we could do ...
I think you get the general idea here.
You can use your calculator.
I did this one in my head,
but the general idea is,
a house in year 1 that is $600,000,
$600,000,
if you factor in the devaluing of the currency,
or how much more expensive everything got,
in year 5 would cost $660,000.
You might hear someone say,
when they're talking about inflation,
or they're talking about price increases,
"This house in year 5 is $660,000,
"which is equal to $600,000 in year 1 money."
As an example of that, I live in a neighborhood
where the houses have gotten all of a sudden,
because I live in the heart of Silicon Valley,
it's not a fancy neighborhood by any stretch of the imagination,
but the houses now are quite expensive,
and we have neighbors who moved in in the '50s,
and they say, "My God; I bought our house
"for $10,000, and now people
"are selling these houses for so much more."
The reality is, is that it is true;
the house has appreciated,
but $10,000 in 1950 was actually a lot, a lot, of money.
Doctors and engineers did not make that much more
than that much per year.
I don't know the exact amount.
The reality is that you actually have to adjust money
for the year that you're talking about,
and you have to adjust it for inflation.
If you believe this 10% inflation number,
hopefully people's incomes also increased by the same amount,
so the same person with the same skills and the same job,
who could afford the house for $600,000 in year 1
could now pay $660,000 for it,
and it won't take an unusually large chunk
of their expenditure.
It would take the same chunk that it did in year 1.
Hopefully that clarifies things a little bit,
and I'll, in the future, do more videos,
going into the details of inflation.