Pedagogy is the science and art of education. Its aims range from the full development of
the human being to skills acquisition. For example, Paulo Freire referred to his method
of teaching people as "critical pedagogy". In correlation with those instructive strategies,
the instructor's own philosophical beliefs of instruction are harbored and governed by
the pupil's background knowledge and experience, situation, and environment, as well as learning
goals set by the student and teacher. One example would be the Socratic schools of thought.
The teaching of adults, however, may be referred to as androgogy.
Etymology The word comes from the Greek παιδαγωγέω;
in which παῖς means "child" and άγω means "lead"; literally translated "to lead
the child". Academic degrees
An academic degree, Ped. D., Doctor of Pedagogy, is awarded honorarily by some U.S. universities
to distinguished teachers. The term is also used to denote an emphasis in education as
a specialty in a field. Pedagogues
The word pedagogue actually relates to the slave who escorts Roman children to school.
In Denmark, a pedagogue is a practitioner of pedagogy. The term is primarily used for
individuals who occupy jobs in pre-school education in Scandinavia. But a pedagogue
can occupy various kinds of jobs, e.g. in retirement homes, prisons, orphanages, and
human resource management. These are often recognised as social pedagogues as they perform
on behalf of society. The pedagogue's job is usually distinguished
from a teacher's by primarily focusing on teaching children life-preparing knowledge
such as social skills and cultural norms, etc. There is also a very big focus on care
and well-being of the child. Many pedagogical institutions also practice social inclusion.
The pedagogue's work also consists of supporting the child in their mental and social development.
In Denmark all pedagogues are trained at a series of national institutes for social educators
located in all major cities. The programme is a 3.5-year academic course, giving the
student the title of a Bachelor in Social Education.
It is also possible to earn a master's degree in pedagogy/educational science from the University
of Copenhagen. This BA and MA program has a more theoretical focus compared to the above
mentioned Bachelor in Social Education. In Hungary, the word pedagogue is synonymous
with teacher; therefore, teachers of both primary and secondary schools may be referred
to as pedagogues, a word that appears also in the name of their lobbyist organizations
and labor unions. However, undergraduate education in Pedagogy does not qualify students to become
teachers in primary or secondary schools but makes them able to apply to be educational
assistants. As of 2013, the 5-year training period was re-installed in place of the undergraduate
and postgraduate division which characterized the previous practice.
References
Further reading
Bruner, J. S.. The Process of Education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. S.. Toward a Theory of Instruction. Cambridge, MA: Belkapp Press.
Bruner, J. S.. The Relevance of Education. New York, NY: Norton
Bruner, J.S.. A Study of Thinking. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.
Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J., Austin, G. A.. A study of thinking. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction Press. Freire, P.. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New
York: Continuum Montessori, M.. Il Metodo della Pedagogia
Scientifica applicato All'educazione Infantile Nelle Case dei Bambini.
Montessori, M.. Antropologia Pedagogica. Montessori, M.. Manuale di Pedagogia Scientifica.
Montessori, M.. Psico Geométria. Montessori, M.. Psico Aritmética.
Piaget, J.. The Language and Thought of the Child. London: Routledge & Kegan.
Piaget, J.. "La Naissance de L'intelligence Chez L'enfant". ["Emergence of Intelligence
in the Child"]. Neuchatel: Delachaux et Nieslé. Cited in Tomic, W. & Kingma, J. Three Theories
of Cognitive Representation and Their Evaluation Standards of Training Effect. Heerlson, The
Netherlands: The Open University. Piaget, J. "La Naissance de L'intelligence
Chez L'enfant". ["Emergence of Intelligence in the Child"] in Three Theories of Cognitive
Representation and Their Evaluation Standards of Training Effect. Neuchatel: Delachaux et
Nieslé/Heerlson, The Netherlands: Heerlson. Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz Pedagogics
as a System. Translated 1872 by Anna C. Brackett, R.P. Studley Company
Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz. The philosophy of education. D. Appleton and Co.
Vygotsky, D.. Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wood, D.. "The role of tutoring in problem solving". Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry 17: 89–100.