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The Electric Universe paradigm has an unparalleled record of successful predictions
in the space age. In stark contrast, as telescopes have improved and covered
more of the electromagnetic spectrum, astronomers have become more perplexed by exoplanets,
stars and galaxies that shouldn't exist. A few brave souls have declared cosmology to be in crisis,
but at no time has the belief been shaken in Einstein's gravitational cosmology
and its meaningless Big Bang expanding universe. Now, 21st century technology has built
and prepares to launch the James Webb Space Telescope,
also known as the JWST or Webb Space Telescope. It is described by
NASA as “the largest, most powerful and complex space telescope
ever built and launched into space, it will fundamentally
alter our understanding of the universe.” But fundamental changes in understanding
are subject to the dead hand of academic peer review, which is governed by a coterie of top
experts who have a great deal to lose if they don't control the consensus narrative.
So, there has been no substantial change in our understanding of the universe
since the middle of the 20th century. Instead, the narrative has simply become more and
more complicated as barnacles of ad-hoc theory have encrusted the Titanic of
institutionalized science. Fundamental changes break the consensus.
They're the icebergs awaiting sciences’ Titanic. So, fundamental changes almost always come from
individuals on the fringe. The field is wide open for the successfully
predictive Electric Universe cosmology to be critically tested by the new Webb Space Telescope.
NASA states, “The Webb Space Telescope is an orbiting infrared observatory that will
complement and extend the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope
with longer wavelength coverage and greatly improved sensitivity.
The longer wavelengths enable Webb to look much closer to the beginning of time
and to hunt for the unobserved formation of the first galaxies, as well as to look inside dust
clouds where stars and planetary systems are forming today.” Observe this aim is
unscientific and therefore unlikely to fundamentally alter our understanding of the universe,
since it presumes only the consensus Big Bang gravitational paradigm for study.
We've seen that to maintain this narrative, there has been an endless introduction of ad-hoc
forces, particles and impossible objects like neutron stars and black holes.
Meanwhile in the 1960’s plasma cosmology was introduced by Hannes Alfven,
a plasma scientist who won the 1970 Nobel prize in physics for his research.
Plasma cosmology is a model of the universe in which plasma and electromagnetic forces
play a dominant role on the galactic scale. It's based heavily on observation and experiment,
but due to specialism in the 20th century, it's studiously
ignored by astrophysicists. They ignore Alfven's Nobel speech warning
that their treatment of space plasma as a mysteriously magnetized fluid,
is fundamentally flawed. Meanwhile, plasma cosmologists produced the spiral
shape and non-gravitational rotation of a classic spiral galaxy experimentally,
and with supercomputer models. When they included the weak force of gravity in
the computer models, it had no appreciable effect. Such experimentation
and simplification are hallmarks of classical physics.
Galaxies are governed by electromagnetic forces, not by gravity. Well-organized galactic
magnetic fields have more recently been mapped and conform to plasma cosmology.
Such fields are unexpected and unexplained in gravitational theory.
This alone knocks out the gravitational foundation of Big Bang cosmology.
Imaginary black holes and dark matter are not required. All we know about the force of gravity
is that Newton's law operates within the present orderly solar system.
We can't presume peacefulness in the solar system for most of Earth's history.
That's merely wishful thinking and flies in the face of geological evidence of
past global paroxysms. And the notion that Newton's law of gravity and the gravitational constant
as measured on the Earth, applies universally, is characteristically
geocentric and myopic, when you consider our short history and the discovery that gravity theory
doesn't work at the galactic scale. So, let's first get Big Bang history right.
The Belgian priest-astronomer Georges Lemaitre is usually identified as the
first to theorize that the recession of nearby galaxies can be explained by an
expanding universe. Einstein is supposed to have said and I quote,
”This is the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation to
which I have ever listened.” End quote. But we can forget Einstein.
He did away with the force of gravity and try telling someone who has just
fallen over that it was the Earth’s warping of space-time that told him to hit the ground.
Two years after Lemaitre's epiphany, Edwin Hubble provided evidence that the velocity of a galaxy
away from us, increases with its distance from us, a property now known as Hubble's law.
The Hubble law implies that the universe is expanding. But that simply assumes the redshift of
faint galaxies is due almost entirely to the Doppler effect, which is the increase in wavelength and
consequent lowering of frequency of the light from a fast receding object.
Mathematicians jumped on Hubble's law for their new creation myth by retro-
calculating to a point origin in a magical Big Bang. They now tell us
with religious fervor how the universe began and how it may end.
What we are not told is that Edwin Hubble termed his famous discovery a
”...redshift versus apparent-distance relationship.” Wisely, Hubble didn't accept his
discovery as proof the universe is expanding. Rather than signifying that some faint
galaxies are accelerating away from us at a good fraction of the speed of light,
Hubble maintained that it was likely some new physics was involved.
This was later proved by the astronomer Dr. Halton Arp, who became known by his followers,
including some leading astronomers, as the modern-day Galileo, following his banishment by the
mathematical priesthood of Big Bang cosmology. Like Galileo and Hubble, Arp worked
directly from telescopic observations. He studied the photographic plates and
lined his office walls with images of galaxies. He produced the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies.
By careful observation he found physical links between high-redshift quasars and
low-redshift active galaxies, which proved Hubble was right. High
redshift is not evidence for an expanding universe. Arp's research into high-redshift
quasars shows they are local. The universe is of unknown age and extent
and is essentially static. A Big Bang never happened. The origin of the universe,
if that has any real meaning, is well beyond our present deeply flawed science.
Let me explain quasars. When discovered in the early 1960’s,
quasars were utterly mysterious. In 1963 the Dutch astronomer Maarten Schmidt
solved the mystery of quasar spectral lines when he discovered they were
highly redshifted. This placed the brightest one, 3C 273 about 1.5 billion lightyears away.
The radio astronomer Gerrit Verschuur wrote quote, ”What could possibly look like a star,
produce tremendously strong radio waves, resemble double radio galaxies and yet
produce so much energy? The full mystery of the quasar becomes
more profound when all the information is considered together. They are very far away and the luminous
cores are very small. At the distances inferred by the redshift, quasars emit the energy
equivalent of 100 billion stars like the Sun, all the energy being generated in a
volume of space not much larger than the solar system.” End quote. To make matters worse, it was
found that quasar 3C 273 underwent sudden changes in brightness
over a period of 80 years. Verschuur notes “This incredible discovery was also completely
unexpected.” The sudden changes in brightness were found to be associated with blobs of
matter being blasted out in jets at irregular intervals. At the assumed redshift distance of the
quasars, those blobs were apparently moving faster than light.
Halton Arp published a paper in 2007, ’Quasars and the Hubble relation’,
in which he states “...a continuity exists in redshift from the highest
redshift quasars to low redshift Seyferts, active galaxies and allied galaxies.
Evidence is discussed for this sequence to be an evolutionary track with objects
evolving from high to low intrinsic redshift with time. At the end of this evolution the objects
are nearly the same age as our own galaxy...” In the case of quasar 3C273
the odds are 100 trillion to 1 against Arp being wrong. Remarkably, Arp found the quasar's
redshift decreases discontinuously, in quantized steps, and their mass and brightness
increase as they move away from their parent, slowing down to eventually form companion galaxies.
Quantization of redshift verifies that it is intrinsic to the matter in the quasar,
rather than anything to do with the light on its journey to the Earth,
which solves most of the quasar mysteries at a stroke. They are not at the edge of the visible
universe. They are local, small and faint, and not moving faster than light.
Arp's evolutionary sequence adds a pleasing biological nuance to plasma cosmology
which, instead of a black hole, has a doughnut-shaped electromagnetic plasmoid
at the galactic center. The plasmoid is formed by electric current fed radially into the galactic
center in the case of a spiral galaxy along the spiral arms.
The current produces the ordered galactic magnetic field. A similar plasmoid, produced in a
laboratory, is the most extremely compact and complex form of electrical
energy storage known. The lab plasmoid is formed by a radial
plasma discharge between a central conductor, and a concentric outer conductor, which mimics
plasma cosmology's galactic circuit. Laboratory plasmoids are observed to
emit intense beams of neutrons axially as they lose energy. The Electric
Universe model proposes that when the energy density inside the surface of the
plasmoid nearest the axis is sufficient to form neutrons from protons and electrons,
the neutrons escape axially from the plasmoid's intense magnetic field
to subsequently decay into a beam of electrons and protons. On leaving the active galactic plasmoid,
the light electrons spiral in the galactic magnetic field, more than the heavier protons.
The result is an electron-deficient smaller plasmoid, or quasar,
jetted along the active galactic plasmoid's umbilical
intergalactic Birkeland current. The coaxial galactic Birkeland current,
identified by its magnetic field structure, acts like a cosmic dense plasma focus.
Mapping the magnetic field in a jet along one of these intergalactic
Birkeland currents, has shown the current to be on the order of 10
billion billion amps. The knots seen in galactic jets are embryonic galaxies.
The Electric Universe further explains Arp's quantized redshift and increasing
mass and brightness of quasars. The umbilical galactic Birkeland current
has an axial current surrounded by a more negative current cylinder, rather like a
cosmic coaxial cable. It effectively imitates the dense plasma focus device’s structure.
Electrons from the cylinder flow radially into the axial quasar,
powering its embryonic plasmoid and, quickly at first, increasing the charge polarization of
its subatomic particles and consequently, its particles’ energies and masses
in quantized jumps. That gives rise to its increasing brightness and the
quantized decreases in redshift, and slowing of the quasar due to
conservation of momentum. Arp's discovery demonstrates a galactic- scale
quantum effect. In summary, the active galactic nucleus is the plasmoid womb
and origin of the jets and the matter forming quasars, or embryonic galactic plasmoids.
This simply explains the phenomenal jets and radio-lobes of both parent
and child. Halton Arp’s research showed sensibly the universe
is of unknown age and extent. It is not collapsing under gravity, or mysteriously expanding.
As nature repeatedly demonstrates, it is in balance. Arp realized this raised a serious issue, because it
implies that gravity between celestial bodies, must be repulsive.
Otherwise, balance is impossible. Of course this is completely counter-
intuitive, because we experience gravity only as an attractive force. But there
are historical precedents for a theory of repulsive gravity, which was first proposed in the 1690’s by
Ncolas Fatio de Duillier and considered at the time by Sir Isaac Newton.
Arp studied a later theory known as Le Sage’s theory of gravity. Theoretically it works
by a shadowing effect under bombard- ment from all directions by strange
high-speed particles, but no plausible particle impact mechanism could be found.
However, as I've argued in the past, gravity is a subatomic dipolar electric force
which for all celestial bodies has one pole facing outwards and the other inwards.
It's equivalent to having spherical magnets with the same surface polarity.
This side-steps the problems with Le Sage’s theory. We experience gravity as an attractive
force, simply because we are as much a part of the Earth as are the air,
rocks and water. We are polarized within the Earth's gravitational sphere of influence,
like iron filing stuck to a magnet The James Webb Telescope has the power
to see fainter red-shifted quasars, more clearly than before.
So, my first prediction is that the James Webb Telescope will support
Halton Arp’s research, which shows plainly that high-redshift quasars are
born in pairs and emitted in oppositely directed jets, along the spin axis of a low redshift
active galaxy. They are not at the edge of the visible universe.
They are in the neighborhood of their parent galaxy. Therefore they are not incredibly
distant, bright and large. There is no superluminal motion. They are nearby and youthfully faint.
By carefully tracking quasar redshift evolution, we will see the transformation from a naked,
high-velocity and low-mass plasmoid, to a low-velocity high-mass companion galaxy.
Experimental tests of active galactic nucleus behavior by plasma cosmologists
should be possible using the dense plasma focus device.
In other words, a return to real physics. Theoretical physicists on the other hand
have failed to self-correct their theories for a century. It is time for plasma and Electric
Universe cosmology to explain Halton Arp’s universe.
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