- We've already been introduced to the Chi-squared statistic
in other videos.
Now we're going to use it for a test for homogeneity.
And homogeneity or homogeneity,
in everyday language this means how similar things are
and that's what we're essentially going to test here.
We're gonna look at two different groups
and see whether the distributions of those groups
for a certain variable are similar or not.
And so the question I'm going to think about,
or we're going to think about together in this video is,
let's say
we were thinking about left-handed
versus right-handed people and we're wondering,
do they have the same preferences for subject domains?
Are they equally inclined
to science, technology, engineering, math, humanities,
or neither.
And so we can set up our null and alternative hypotheses.
Our null hypothesis is that
there is no difference in the distribution between
left-handed and right-handed people
in terms of their preference for subject domains.
So, no difference
in subject
subject preference
for left and right.
For left
and right-handed folks.
And then the alternative hypothesis.
Well, no, there is a difference.
So there is a difference.
So how would we go about testing this?
Well, we've done hypothesis testing many times
in many videos already.
But here, we're going to sample from two different groups.
So let's say that this is the population of
right-handed folks and this is the population of
left-handed folks.
Let's say from that sample of right-handed folks,
I take a sample of 60,
and then I do the same thing for the left-handed folks.
And these don't even have to be the sample sizes,
so the left-handed folks, let's say I sample, 40 folks.
And here is the data that I actually collect.
So for those 60 right-handed folks,
30 of them prefer the STEM subjects,
science, technology, engineering, math.
15 preferred humanities.
And 15 were indifferent, they liked them equally.
And then, for the 40 left-handed folks,
I got 10 preferring STEM, 25 preferring humanities,
and 5 viewed them equally.
And then you see the total number of right-handed folks,
total number of left-handed folks,
and then you have the total number from both groups
that preferred STEM, total number from both groups
that preferred humanities, total from both groups
that had no preference.
So let's just start thinking about what the expected data
would be if we're assuming that the null hypothesis is true,
that there's no difference in preference
between right and left-handed folks.
This is the right-handed column.
This is the left-handed column.
Well assuming that the null hypothesis is true,
that there's no difference between
right and left-handed people in terms of their preference,
our best estimate of what the distribution of preference
would be in the population generally
would come from this total column.
Since we're assuming no difference,
we would assume that in either group,
40 out of every 100 would prefer STEM or 40 percent.
40 percent would prefer humanities
and 20 percent would have no preference.
And so our expected would be that 40 percent
of the 60 right-handed folks would prefer STEM.
So what's 40 percent of 60?
0.4 times 60 is 24.
And similarly, we would expect 40 percent
preferring humanities.
40 percent times 60 is 24 again.
And then we would expect 20 percent
of the right-handed group to have no preference.
So 20 percent of 60 is 12.
And these, once again, they add up to 60.
And then for the left-handed folks,
we would go through the same process.
We would expect that 40 percent of them prefer STEM,
40 percent of 40, that is 16.
On the humanities, again, 40 percent of 40 is 16.
And equal, 20 percent of 40 is 8.
And then, all of these add up to 40.
Once you calculate these expected values,
it's a good time to make sure you're meeting your conditions
for conducting a Chi-squared test.
The first is the random condition.
And so, these need to be truly random samples,
so hopefully, we met that condition.
The second is that the expected value
for any of these data points
have to be at least equal to five.
And so we have met that condition.
These are all at least equal to five.
And then the last condition is the independence condition
that we are either sampling with replacement
or if we're not sampling with replacement,
we have to feel good that our samples
are no more than 10 percent of the population.
So let's assume that that is the case as well.
And now, we're ready to calculate our Chi-squared statistic.
We would get our Chi-squared statistic
is going to be equal to
the difference between what we got
and the expected, squared.
So 30 minus 24, squared, divided by
the expected, divided by 24.
And we'll do it for all six of these data points.
So then, I will go to the next one.
So then, this is going to be,
so plus and if I look at this and this here,
I'm going to have 10 minus 16, squared
over expected 16.
And then, I'm going to have, I'll look at that data point
and that expected and I will get
15 minus 24 squared over expected, over 24.
I'm running out of colors.
And then we would look at that, those two numbers
and we would say,
plus 25 minus 16 squared, divided by expected,
and then, we would get, we would look at these two,
plus 15 minus 12 squared,
over expected, over 12.
And then, last but not least,
lemme find a color I haven't used.
We would look at that and that and we would say,
plus five minus eight squared
over expected, over eight.
Now, once you get that value for the Chi-squared statistic,
the next question is, what are the degrees of freedom?
Now a simple rule of thumb is to just look at your data
and think about the number of rows and the number of columns
and we have three rows and two columns.
And so your degrees of freedom are going to be
the number of rows minus one, three minus one,
times the number of columns minus one, two minus one.
And so this is going to be equal to two times one
which is equal to two.
Now the reason why that makes intuitive sense
is think about it,
if you knew two of these data points,
and if you knew all of the totals,
then you could figure out the other data points.
If you knew these two data points,
you could figure out that.
If you knew this data point and you knew the total,
you could figure out that.
If you knew this data point
and you knew the total
you could figure out that
And if you figured out that and that,
then you could figure out this right over here.
And so that's why this rule of thumb works.
The number of rows minus one
times the number of columns minus one
gives you your degrees of freedom.
Now, given this Chi-squared statistic
that I haven't calculated but you could
type this into a calculator and figure it out,
and this degrees of freedom,
we could then figure out the P value.
We could figure out the probability
of getting a Chi-squared statistic this extreme
or more extreme.
And if this is less than our significance level
which we should have set ahead of time,
then we would reject the null hypothesis
and it would suggest the alternative.
If this is not less than our significance level,
then it does not allow us to reject the null hypothesis.