("I Don't Want to Leave You" by Royalty Free Music Crew)
- [Voiceover] The nude had been off limits for 1000 years.
- [Voiceover] In the middle ages,
the only opportunity the artists had
to paint or sculpt the nude, was to do Adam and Eve.
But with the renaissance, we have this renewed interest in
the human body,
and artists looking for opportunities to paint it.
- What we're looking at is Andrea Mantegna's
very small painting of Saint Sebastian.
It's in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
And it's this tall, thin, painting,
that is completely improbable,
and in some ways it is just an elaborate ruse
to be able to paint the human body.
But of course Mantegna was also deeply in love
with all things classical.
- And both of those things are really in evidence here.
- Look at all the fragments of sculpture and architecture
that come from his study of Ancient Rome.
- And of course the figure of Saint Sebastian himself
looks like an Ancient Greek or Roman sculpture.
According to legend, Saint Sebastian was in the employ
of the ancient Roman Emperor Diocletian,
who didn't know that Sebastian was a Christian.
- Apparently Sebastian came to the aid
of two other Christians who had been found out.
And, therefore his own Christianity was revealed.
And he was ordered to be executed when he refused
to renounce his Christianity.
And so, he was shot with arrows,
but he survived that attack.
- Right, and was later clubbed to death.
- It's easy for us in the 21st Century to forget
how little was known about the human body.
What knowledge had once existed from Ancient Greece
and Rome, had largely been lost.
- Here was a generation that was rediscovering the body
for the first time in 1000 years.
- You couldn't go and buy a book on anatomy.
You couldn't look something up on the web.
This was a time when rediscovering the body meant
an investigation of the body from scratch.
With very little knowledge left from antiquity.
- And the understanding of the body in the ancient world
like Contrapposto, is just being rediscovered
in this century.
And look at the way in which the S curve of the body
is accentuated here.
You can really see an artist who is
studying ancient sculpture.
In fact, one could probably argue that the arrows themselves
almost function as diagramming lines,
that help us see the shifting axis of the body.
But there are also funny anachronisms here.
Things are disjointed in terms of time.
Since Sebastian is being martyred by
an Ancient Roman Emperor,
at a time when Ancient Rome is at the height of its power.
And yet, what the artist is showing us here is
Ancient Roman Architecture in ruins.
The way it looked in Mantegna's own time.
- And he's clearly relishing the beauty of those ruins
as ruins.
- It's as if the faith of Christianity
has outlived the mighty Roman Empire.
- Right, which lays in ruins
around the feet of the Saint.
- Here's an artist who is in part responsible
for creating the art that we know of,
as the Early Renaissance.
And characteristic of that moment,
we see someone who is giving us as much
visual information as possible.
Look at the precision
even in the buildings of extreme distance.
That beautiful atmospheric perspective.
That careful delineation of form, of mass.
- Right, modelling so we've got a sense
of the three-dimensionality of the body,
of the light coming from the left.
We can see Mantegna's use of linear perspective
in the tiles on the floor.
In a way this has everything we expect of the Renaissance.
- This is bringing together those fragments from antiquity
that were just being rediscovered.
This is trying to place these figures in a world
that we can occupy.
- And a vast landscape.
Pehaps we see the archers
retreating on a road in the background,
and a whole city that looks very much like
an Ancient Roman city.
- Here's an artist that is central
to the Northern Italian tradition.
Somebody who is working in Venice,
working in Padua,
understands what's taking place in Flourence,
and is just such an exemplar of this reinvention,
of ancient humanism.
("I Don't Want to Leave You" by Royalty Free Music Crew)